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<p>Rapid urbanization and inadequate solid waste management have intensified leachate induced soil contamination around landfill and dump yard sites, leading to elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). This study investigates the dual role of red mud (RM), an industrial by-product of the Bayer process, in enhancing both the shear strength and heavy metal immobilization of leachate contaminated soil (LCS). Direct shear tests conducted on LCS stabilized with RM dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% revealed that 12% RM provided the maximum improvement in shear strength. Heavy metal immobilization was assessed through the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and soil column leaching studies under varying pH conditions. TCLP results confirmed that the optimum RM dosage achieved effective short-term immobilization, significantly reducing Cd and Pb leaching. However, soil column studies highlighted notable long-term leaching of heavy metals under acidic condition due to progressive dissolution and depletion of RM buffering capacity. Overall, RM demonstrates considerable potential as a cost-effective and sustainable short-term remediation material for LCS while improving its geotechnical properties. Nevertheless, its limited long-term immobilization performance, suggests that future remediation strategies should incorporate complementary amendments to enhance heavy metal retention and ensure sustainable reuse of contaminated soils.</p>

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Investigating the Dual Role of Red Mud in Heavy Metal Immobilization and Soil Stabilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月27日

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  • Mritunjay Kumar Yadav,
  • Dinesh Srirama,
  • Dakshina Murthy Kota,
  • Meera Mineesha Chinni,
  • Prathyusha N V Jayanthi

摘要

Rapid urbanization and inadequate solid waste management have intensified leachate induced soil contamination around landfill and dump yard sites, leading to elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). This study investigates the dual role of red mud (RM), an industrial by-product of the Bayer process, in enhancing both the shear strength and heavy metal immobilization of leachate contaminated soil (LCS). Direct shear tests conducted on LCS stabilized with RM dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% revealed that 12% RM provided the maximum improvement in shear strength. Heavy metal immobilization was assessed through the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and soil column leaching studies under varying pH conditions. TCLP results confirmed that the optimum RM dosage achieved effective short-term immobilization, significantly reducing Cd and Pb leaching. However, soil column studies highlighted notable long-term leaching of heavy metals under acidic condition due to progressive dissolution and depletion of RM buffering capacity. Overall, RM demonstrates considerable potential as a cost-effective and sustainable short-term remediation material for LCS while improving its geotechnical properties. Nevertheless, its limited long-term immobilization performance, suggests that future remediation strategies should incorporate complementary amendments to enhance heavy metal retention and ensure sustainable reuse of contaminated soils.