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<p>Mill reject is the coal washery reject, which has a low gross calorific value, and fly ash is a well-known industrial waste generated from the coal-based power plants. Due to the low utilization rate, a huge quantity of both the material is dumped, causing geo-environmental problems along with consuming a vast tract of land. Keeping in mind the problem associated with the disposal of mill rejects and fly ash, these materials, along with cement, have been used to develop the controlled low-strength material (CLSM) as an alternative to geo-materials. Initially, the raw materials have been characterized by considering their morphology, mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties. Later, a total of 24 CLSM mixes with varying percentages of cement, fly ash, mill rejects, and water-to-binder ratio have been prepared to study the flowability, bleeding, and fresh density. Further, the hardened properties, such as hardened density and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), have been studied on the triplicate of each specimen. Most of the CLSM is found to be highly flowable, and some of them show a self-leveling consistency, having a relative flow area between 1.88 and 7.41. The 28-day strength of the developed CLSM varies between 0.35&#xa0;MPa and 2.93&#xa0;MPa, and some of them are found to be easily excavatable with a removability modulus less than 1.</p>

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Development and Characterization of CLSM Using Mill Reject and Fly Ash: An Alternate Geo-Material

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月7日

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  • Tulika Gupta,
  • Mahasakti Mahamaya,
  • Shamshad Alam

摘要

Mill reject is the coal washery reject, which has a low gross calorific value, and fly ash is a well-known industrial waste generated from the coal-based power plants. Due to the low utilization rate, a huge quantity of both the material is dumped, causing geo-environmental problems along with consuming a vast tract of land. Keeping in mind the problem associated with the disposal of mill rejects and fly ash, these materials, along with cement, have been used to develop the controlled low-strength material (CLSM) as an alternative to geo-materials. Initially, the raw materials have been characterized by considering their morphology, mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties. Later, a total of 24 CLSM mixes with varying percentages of cement, fly ash, mill rejects, and water-to-binder ratio have been prepared to study the flowability, bleeding, and fresh density. Further, the hardened properties, such as hardened density and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), have been studied on the triplicate of each specimen. Most of the CLSM is found to be highly flowable, and some of them show a self-leveling consistency, having a relative flow area between 1.88 and 7.41. The 28-day strength of the developed CLSM varies between 0.35 MPa and 2.93 MPa, and some of them are found to be easily excavatable with a removability modulus less than 1.