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<p>Slope movement information is increasingly becoming important for landslide monitoring and disaster mitigation. Every year, landslides along National Highways in the Himalayan region of India cause loss of lives and disruption of the local economy. The non-invasive technique of terrestrial laser scanning is a potential method for monitoring landslides to detect slope movements periodically. However, the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) remains underexplored for the Indian Himalayas. In this study, a landslide situated in the Byasi, Uttarakhand, was monitored using TLS for debris mobilisation across two monsoon seasons in 2022 and 2023. The landslide was selected since it is located next to the National Highway 7. Three change detection methods of Cloud to Cloud (C2C), Cloud to Mesh (C2M), and Multi-Scale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) were applied to the co-registered point clouds across the two monsoon seasons to detect changes in the landslide. Across the monsoon season of 2022, C2C, C2M, and M3C2 quantified changes in the landslide as 0.20 cm, 0.10 cm, and 0.16&#xa0;cm (XY) and 0.60&#xa0;cm (Z), respectively. For the monsoon season of 2023, C2C, C2M, and M3C2 detected changes in the landslide as 0.60&#xa0;cm, 0.50&#xa0;cm, and 0.17&#xa0;cm (XY) and 0.70&#xa0;cm (Z), respectively. The M3C2 method performed better than the other two methods since it detected changes along the three dimensions. Results have shown that a terrestrial laser scanner with the M3C2 method detected changes on the landslide scarp with millimeter-scale accuracy. Thus, a terrestrial laser scanner with the M3C2 method is recommended to study changes in landslides in the Indian Himalayas, spanning multiple monsoon seasons.</p>

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Change Detection of Indian Himalayan Landslide Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Ashok Anand,
  • Koshika Lokesh Kalyan,
  • Alok Bhardwaj

摘要

Slope movement information is increasingly becoming important for landslide monitoring and disaster mitigation. Every year, landslides along National Highways in the Himalayan region of India cause loss of lives and disruption of the local economy. The non-invasive technique of terrestrial laser scanning is a potential method for monitoring landslides to detect slope movements periodically. However, the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) remains underexplored for the Indian Himalayas. In this study, a landslide situated in the Byasi, Uttarakhand, was monitored using TLS for debris mobilisation across two monsoon seasons in 2022 and 2023. The landslide was selected since it is located next to the National Highway 7. Three change detection methods of Cloud to Cloud (C2C), Cloud to Mesh (C2M), and Multi-Scale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) were applied to the co-registered point clouds across the two monsoon seasons to detect changes in the landslide. Across the monsoon season of 2022, C2C, C2M, and M3C2 quantified changes in the landslide as 0.20 cm, 0.10 cm, and 0.16 cm (XY) and 0.60 cm (Z), respectively. For the monsoon season of 2023, C2C, C2M, and M3C2 detected changes in the landslide as 0.60 cm, 0.50 cm, and 0.17 cm (XY) and 0.70 cm (Z), respectively. The M3C2 method performed better than the other two methods since it detected changes along the three dimensions. Results have shown that a terrestrial laser scanner with the M3C2 method detected changes on the landslide scarp with millimeter-scale accuracy. Thus, a terrestrial laser scanner with the M3C2 method is recommended to study changes in landslides in the Indian Himalayas, spanning multiple monsoon seasons.