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<p>Surface collapse pits caused by intense mining activities in underground mines have long been a research focus and challenging issue in the field of geological hazards. To investigate the characteristics and formation mechanisms of surface collapse disasters, field investigations were conducted to determine the morphological characteristics, spatial extent, and depth profiles of collapse pits, Based on a typical case of surface subsidence in a mine, the PFC<sup>2D</sup> discrete element numerical simulation was employed to reconstruct the complete failure process from overburden rock collapse to surface subsidence. This study elucidates the formation and evolution processes of surface collapse pits from three perspectives: fracture evolution, displacement variation, and force chain distribution. Results demonstrate that the eastern, southern, and western rock masses exhibit two distinct failure modes: tensile fracture-collapse and tensile fracture-tilting, forming characteristic steep-walled pit features. Partial shear failure cracks develop at both extremities of the fracture zones. In contrast, the northern section primarily fails through tensile fracture-sliding, creating step-like landslide features. The current settlement feature presents an elliptical shape with a size of 275&#xa0;m (north–south) × 210&#xa0;m (east–west). The overburden rock failure predominantly manifests tensile cracking, with upward-propagating fractures emerging at both ends of the goaf—indicative of progressive roof collapse. The maximum 5690 fractures were generated in the rock mass. As mining depth increases, overlying rock displacement above the ore body escalates dramatically. The overburden develops an architectural pattern featuring a large pressure arch encompassing multiple localized smaller pressure arches, with concentrated force chains forming along the goaf flanks. The collapse pit formation process comprises four distinct stages: disaster initiation, rock deformation, structural collapse, and pit stabilization. This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of surface collapse disaster in mines.</p>

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Formation and Evolutionary Mechanisms of Slope Instability Disasters at Exposed Surfaces of Deep-Large Collapse Pit Induced by Underground Mining Activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月27日

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  • Feifei Wang,
  • Qingyang Ren,
  • Kuan Wu,
  • Changhui Zheng

摘要

Surface collapse pits caused by intense mining activities in underground mines have long been a research focus and challenging issue in the field of geological hazards. To investigate the characteristics and formation mechanisms of surface collapse disasters, field investigations were conducted to determine the morphological characteristics, spatial extent, and depth profiles of collapse pits, Based on a typical case of surface subsidence in a mine, the PFC2D discrete element numerical simulation was employed to reconstruct the complete failure process from overburden rock collapse to surface subsidence. This study elucidates the formation and evolution processes of surface collapse pits from three perspectives: fracture evolution, displacement variation, and force chain distribution. Results demonstrate that the eastern, southern, and western rock masses exhibit two distinct failure modes: tensile fracture-collapse and tensile fracture-tilting, forming characteristic steep-walled pit features. Partial shear failure cracks develop at both extremities of the fracture zones. In contrast, the northern section primarily fails through tensile fracture-sliding, creating step-like landslide features. The current settlement feature presents an elliptical shape with a size of 275 m (north–south) × 210 m (east–west). The overburden rock failure predominantly manifests tensile cracking, with upward-propagating fractures emerging at both ends of the goaf—indicative of progressive roof collapse. The maximum 5690 fractures were generated in the rock mass. As mining depth increases, overlying rock displacement above the ore body escalates dramatically. The overburden develops an architectural pattern featuring a large pressure arch encompassing multiple localized smaller pressure arches, with concentrated force chains forming along the goaf flanks. The collapse pit formation process comprises four distinct stages: disaster initiation, rock deformation, structural collapse, and pit stabilization. This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of surface collapse disaster in mines.