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<p>Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which saturated, loosely packed, cohesionless soils, particularly fine sands experience a substantial decrease in strength and stiffness when exposed to applied stress. Typically, this phenomenon happens when there are seismic vibrations that generate an excessive amount of pore water pressure in the soil, leading it to lose its shear strength substantially and therefore ability to bear stress effectively. Essentially, for liquefaction-prone areas under various earthquake conditions, it is crucial to precisely estimate the liquefaction severity. There are several streamlined techniques for determining liquefaction that rely on analysis of data from tests cone penetration test, shear wave velocity test, and standard penetration test. The simplified method of liquefaction assessment has been correlated with intrinsic uncertainties associated with various soil parameters. The evaluation of liquefaction initiation, considering the uncertainty in input parameters, is rarely recorded. This article elucidates a procedure based on reliability to evaluate the susceptibility of saturated poorly graded fine sand (SP) to liquefaction within a framework based on probability. To build the deterministic model required for probabilistic assessment, a simplified method has been used. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is then utilized to assess the probability of liquefaction. Subsequently, random variables and their coefficient of variance are subjected to sensitivity analysis in order to identify the variables whose level of uncertainty substantially affect the Probability of Liquefaction (P<sub>L</sub>), and the Factor of Safety (FS) to prevent liquefaction. The primary finding indicated that subsoil deposits up to a depth of 1.5&#xa0;m and those below 11.25&#xa0;m have a low probability of liquefaction (13.44% &lt; <i>P</i><sub>L</sub> &lt; 45.4%). While soil deposits between 1.5&#xa0;m and 11.25&#xa0;m have the higher probability of liquefaction (88% &lt; <i>P</i><sub>L</sub> &lt; 99.8%). The investigation and test carried out at Bisawa site Bahraich district, India, shows that it is at high seismic hazard risk. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis showed that the SPT-N value, PGA, and M have the most notable impact on the probability of liquefaction (<i>P</i><sub>L</sub>).</p>

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Reliability-Based Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Bisawa Site, Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月17日

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  • Md Naseem Ahamad,
  • Neelu Patel,
  • Vishwajeet Pratap Singh,
  • Rahul Kumar Rajak

摘要

Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which saturated, loosely packed, cohesionless soils, particularly fine sands experience a substantial decrease in strength and stiffness when exposed to applied stress. Typically, this phenomenon happens when there are seismic vibrations that generate an excessive amount of pore water pressure in the soil, leading it to lose its shear strength substantially and therefore ability to bear stress effectively. Essentially, for liquefaction-prone areas under various earthquake conditions, it is crucial to precisely estimate the liquefaction severity. There are several streamlined techniques for determining liquefaction that rely on analysis of data from tests cone penetration test, shear wave velocity test, and standard penetration test. The simplified method of liquefaction assessment has been correlated with intrinsic uncertainties associated with various soil parameters. The evaluation of liquefaction initiation, considering the uncertainty in input parameters, is rarely recorded. This article elucidates a procedure based on reliability to evaluate the susceptibility of saturated poorly graded fine sand (SP) to liquefaction within a framework based on probability. To build the deterministic model required for probabilistic assessment, a simplified method has been used. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is then utilized to assess the probability of liquefaction. Subsequently, random variables and their coefficient of variance are subjected to sensitivity analysis in order to identify the variables whose level of uncertainty substantially affect the Probability of Liquefaction (PL), and the Factor of Safety (FS) to prevent liquefaction. The primary finding indicated that subsoil deposits up to a depth of 1.5 m and those below 11.25 m have a low probability of liquefaction (13.44% < PL < 45.4%). While soil deposits between 1.5 m and 11.25 m have the higher probability of liquefaction (88% < PL < 99.8%). The investigation and test carried out at Bisawa site Bahraich district, India, shows that it is at high seismic hazard risk. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis showed that the SPT-N value, PGA, and M have the most notable impact on the probability of liquefaction (PL).