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<p>Silver nanostructures have awakened considerable interest due to their extensive antimicrobial capabilities, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal uses. This review highlights the influence of production techniques on the dimensions, shape, and multimodal functionalities of these nanoparticles. Essential production processes, including chemical reduction, green synthesis, and physical procedures, which provide meticulous control over the properties of nanostructures, were also assessed. Chemical approaches, including reduction processes, ensure scalability and consistency, whereas green synthesis presents an environmentally sustainable option by utilizing plant extracts and microorganisms to generate biocompatible nanoparticles. Silver nanostructures demonstrate significant antibacterial efficacy via mechanisms including enzyme inhibition, cell wall disintegration, and DNA damage, successfully addressing drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Likewise, their antifungal characteristics specifically target fungal biofilms and disrupt membrane integrity, demonstrating potential efficacy against various strains. Moreover, silver nanostructures exhibit antiviral properties by interfering with protein synthesis, disrupting viral replication, and preventing the entry of viruses into host cells, thereby demonstrating efficacy against many viral infections. The multimodal properties of silver nanostructures, encompassing both antibacterial and antioxidant actions, augment their utility in medical and industrial sectors. Notwithstanding these benefits, cytotoxicity continues to be a significant issue, requiring sophisticated synthesis methods to enhance safety and efficacy. This thorough analysis emphasizes silver nanostructures as essential instruments in combating microbial resistance, highlighting their potential in novel therapeutic applications. In contrast to traditional studies, this research addresses the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles connected to the production process. However, in order to maximize the potential of the nanoparticles and support future research, potential limitations and disadvantages were also explored.</p>

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents: synthesis, mechanisms of action, and applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Mümin Mehmet Koç,
  • Özge Özcan,
  • Sevilay İnal Kabala

摘要

Silver nanostructures have awakened considerable interest due to their extensive antimicrobial capabilities, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal uses. This review highlights the influence of production techniques on the dimensions, shape, and multimodal functionalities of these nanoparticles. Essential production processes, including chemical reduction, green synthesis, and physical procedures, which provide meticulous control over the properties of nanostructures, were also assessed. Chemical approaches, including reduction processes, ensure scalability and consistency, whereas green synthesis presents an environmentally sustainable option by utilizing plant extracts and microorganisms to generate biocompatible nanoparticles. Silver nanostructures demonstrate significant antibacterial efficacy via mechanisms including enzyme inhibition, cell wall disintegration, and DNA damage, successfully addressing drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Likewise, their antifungal characteristics specifically target fungal biofilms and disrupt membrane integrity, demonstrating potential efficacy against various strains. Moreover, silver nanostructures exhibit antiviral properties by interfering with protein synthesis, disrupting viral replication, and preventing the entry of viruses into host cells, thereby demonstrating efficacy against many viral infections. The multimodal properties of silver nanostructures, encompassing both antibacterial and antioxidant actions, augment their utility in medical and industrial sectors. Notwithstanding these benefits, cytotoxicity continues to be a significant issue, requiring sophisticated synthesis methods to enhance safety and efficacy. This thorough analysis emphasizes silver nanostructures as essential instruments in combating microbial resistance, highlighting their potential in novel therapeutic applications. In contrast to traditional studies, this research addresses the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles connected to the production process. However, in order to maximize the potential of the nanoparticles and support future research, potential limitations and disadvantages were also explored.