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<p>Lightweight, high-performance composites are critical for aerospace and automotive applications, yet traditional single-fiber systems often exhibit trade-offs between stiffness and damage tolerance. This study systematically investigates the influence of stacking sequence and fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of carbon-glass hybrid fiber-reinforced epoxy composites to overcome these limitations. Four configurations were fabricated using hand lay-up and hot compression molding: pure carbon fiber (S1, 0°–0°), pure glass fiber (S2, 0°–0°), and two hybrid configurations with alternating carbon-glass layers oriented at 0°–45° (S3) and 0°–90° (S4). Specimens were characterized for density, Vickers hardness, tensile properties, and flexural behavior following ASTM standards, and failure mechanisms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Density measurements ranged from 1.23&#xa0;g/cc (S1) to 1.72&#xa0;g/cc (S2), with hybrid composites exhibiting intermediate values (1.39&#xa0;g/cc for S3; 1.47&#xa0;g/cc for S4). Vickers hardness increased significantly through hybridization, with S4 achieving 146 HV, a 92% improvement over pure carbon (76 HV) due to synergistic load transfer mechanisms in the cross-ply architecture. Tensile and flexural tests revealed that while carbon composites exhibited high stiffness with brittle failure, glass composites demonstrated superior ductility and energy absorption. The hybrid configurations balanced these attributes, with S4 displaying optimal damage resistance and progressive failure modes. Fractographic analysis identified interfacial debonding, delamination, and stack-dependent crack propagation paths. These findings demonstrate that strategic hybridization through optimized stacking sequences produces composites with superior property combinations unattainable by their individual constituents, providing design guidelines for next-generation multifunctional structural materials.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Hot Compression Molding on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of Carbon-Glass Hybrid Laminates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • B. R. Vishwanath,
  • Y. S. Rammohan

摘要

Lightweight, high-performance composites are critical for aerospace and automotive applications, yet traditional single-fiber systems often exhibit trade-offs between stiffness and damage tolerance. This study systematically investigates the influence of stacking sequence and fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of carbon-glass hybrid fiber-reinforced epoxy composites to overcome these limitations. Four configurations were fabricated using hand lay-up and hot compression molding: pure carbon fiber (S1, 0°–0°), pure glass fiber (S2, 0°–0°), and two hybrid configurations with alternating carbon-glass layers oriented at 0°–45° (S3) and 0°–90° (S4). Specimens were characterized for density, Vickers hardness, tensile properties, and flexural behavior following ASTM standards, and failure mechanisms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Density measurements ranged from 1.23 g/cc (S1) to 1.72 g/cc (S2), with hybrid composites exhibiting intermediate values (1.39 g/cc for S3; 1.47 g/cc for S4). Vickers hardness increased significantly through hybridization, with S4 achieving 146 HV, a 92% improvement over pure carbon (76 HV) due to synergistic load transfer mechanisms in the cross-ply architecture. Tensile and flexural tests revealed that while carbon composites exhibited high stiffness with brittle failure, glass composites demonstrated superior ductility and energy absorption. The hybrid configurations balanced these attributes, with S4 displaying optimal damage resistance and progressive failure modes. Fractographic analysis identified interfacial debonding, delamination, and stack-dependent crack propagation paths. These findings demonstrate that strategic hybridization through optimized stacking sequences produces composites with superior property combinations unattainable by their individual constituents, providing design guidelines for next-generation multifunctional structural materials.

Graphical Abstract