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<p>Over the past two decades, much work has been reported on the polypropylene (PP) composite for automobile interior applications. However, little has been reported on the use of stubble waste powder (SWP) as a reinforcement in the PP matrix for detachable car seat frames, where cyclic flexural loads are applied. In this study, PP reinforced with 20wt% SWP-based functional prototypes was fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF) as a sustainable and mechanically effective solution for detachable car seat frames under flexural loading (required in rear-facing seats for infants, forward-facing seats for toddlers, and booster seats for young children). This study aims to determine the optimal settings of the FFF process parameters (infill percentage, layer thickness, and infill type) to enhance the flexural and morphological properties of 3D-printed PP-SWP composites. The findings suggested that specimens with 100% infill, a layer thickness of 0.20&#xa0;mm, and a line infill pattern had the highest flexural strength of 43.53&#xa0;MPa. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified that fill percentage is the contributing factor. Morphological analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that samples with higher flexural strength have a more compact layer stacking, lower porosity (14.72%), and a finer grain size (No. 5). Conversely, samples with poor flexural strength exhibit poor layer adhesion and higher porosity (25.83%).</p>

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On the Flexural and Morphological Properties of 3D Printed Polypropylene-Stubble Waste for Detachable Car Seat Frames

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Minhaz Husain,
  • Vinay Kumar,
  • Ranvijay Kumar,
  • Rupinder Singh

摘要

Over the past two decades, much work has been reported on the polypropylene (PP) composite for automobile interior applications. However, little has been reported on the use of stubble waste powder (SWP) as a reinforcement in the PP matrix for detachable car seat frames, where cyclic flexural loads are applied. In this study, PP reinforced with 20wt% SWP-based functional prototypes was fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF) as a sustainable and mechanically effective solution for detachable car seat frames under flexural loading (required in rear-facing seats for infants, forward-facing seats for toddlers, and booster seats for young children). This study aims to determine the optimal settings of the FFF process parameters (infill percentage, layer thickness, and infill type) to enhance the flexural and morphological properties of 3D-printed PP-SWP composites. The findings suggested that specimens with 100% infill, a layer thickness of 0.20 mm, and a line infill pattern had the highest flexural strength of 43.53 MPa. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified that fill percentage is the contributing factor. Morphological analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that samples with higher flexural strength have a more compact layer stacking, lower porosity (14.72%), and a finer grain size (No. 5). Conversely, samples with poor flexural strength exhibit poor layer adhesion and higher porosity (25.83%).