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<p>The rapid evolution of sensing-driven IoT-enabled solutions for next-generation communication systems has underscored the necessity for real-time beamforming and adaptive beam-steering capabilities in RF front-end components. This has shifted research attention toward dynamically reconfigurable structures capable of intelligently directing or reflecting incident electromagnetic waves toward targeted users. In this work, a novel Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is proposed, employing a varactor diode-loaded fractal unit cell design. The structure employs a first-iteration Minkowski fractal patch operating at 3.5&#xa0;GHz, enabling compactness and enhanced tunability. The proposed architecture enables efficient real-time tunability, facilitating precise control over the reflection characteristics for enhanced communication performance. The proposed RIS exhibits polarization-sensitive performance and supports orthogonal beam-steering with full electronic reconfigurability. The unit cell is rigorously characterized using full-wave electromagnetic simulations to achieve the desired phase variation for precise beam tilting. Fabrication and experimental validation demonstrate bi-directional beam-steering capability along both vertical and horizontal planes, achieving tilt angles of up to ± 30°, closely matching simulation results. Furthermore, the practical communication performance of the RIS is evaluated under non-line-of-sight (non-LoS) conditions using a multi-tile RIS configuration at 3.5&#xa0;GHz. A USRP-based testbed employing QPSK modulation is used for real-time image transmission and reception. The results show a marked improvement in received image quality and an average enhancement of approximately 15&#xa0;dB in Modulation Error Ratio (MER) with RIS assistance. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed RIS design and its strong potential for deployment in commercial 5G communication systems.</p>

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Fractal Inspired Novel Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Design at 3.5 GHz with Orthogonal Beam-Tilt Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Amartya Banerjee,
  • Vedula Kiran Bharadwaj,
  • Venkata Vishnu Gorty,
  • Tapas Chakravarty,
  • Rowdra Ghatak

摘要

The rapid evolution of sensing-driven IoT-enabled solutions for next-generation communication systems has underscored the necessity for real-time beamforming and adaptive beam-steering capabilities in RF front-end components. This has shifted research attention toward dynamically reconfigurable structures capable of intelligently directing or reflecting incident electromagnetic waves toward targeted users. In this work, a novel Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is proposed, employing a varactor diode-loaded fractal unit cell design. The structure employs a first-iteration Minkowski fractal patch operating at 3.5 GHz, enabling compactness and enhanced tunability. The proposed architecture enables efficient real-time tunability, facilitating precise control over the reflection characteristics for enhanced communication performance. The proposed RIS exhibits polarization-sensitive performance and supports orthogonal beam-steering with full electronic reconfigurability. The unit cell is rigorously characterized using full-wave electromagnetic simulations to achieve the desired phase variation for precise beam tilting. Fabrication and experimental validation demonstrate bi-directional beam-steering capability along both vertical and horizontal planes, achieving tilt angles of up to ± 30°, closely matching simulation results. Furthermore, the practical communication performance of the RIS is evaluated under non-line-of-sight (non-LoS) conditions using a multi-tile RIS configuration at 3.5 GHz. A USRP-based testbed employing QPSK modulation is used for real-time image transmission and reception. The results show a marked improvement in received image quality and an average enhancement of approximately 15 dB in Modulation Error Ratio (MER) with RIS assistance. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed RIS design and its strong potential for deployment in commercial 5G communication systems.