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<p>Groundwater and spring-fed sources dominate water supply in the Himalayan region because the communities are heavily dependent on them. This study assesses the hydrogeochemical behaviour, spatial heterogeneity, and the suitability of groundwater in District Ganderbal, Union Territory of Jammu &amp; Kashmir by integrating hydrochemical, geostatistical, and multivariate statistical techniques. Twenty-five groundwater samples, including 21 springs and 4 tubewells, were tested for various physicochemical parameters. The suitability for drinking and irrigation was determined using the Water Quality Index (WQI) according to IS&#xa0;10500:2012 and WHO standards, and irrigation indices, including SAR, Kelly’s Ratio RSC, Magnesium Hazard Na%, and Permeability Index, as well as Wilcox and USSL diagrams, respectively. According to the WQI results, 92 percent of the samples are excellent (WQI &lt; 50), and 8 percent are good (WQI = 50−100). The Piper diagram of hydrochemical facies shows that prevalent water types include Ca–HCO<sub>3</sub> and Mg–HCO<sub>3</sub>, indicating carbonate weathering as the main geochemical control. The kriging method of spatial interpolation displays localized enrichment of hardness, fluoride, sulphate, and ammonia in regions of the study area. Principal component analysis reveals three major components which account for about 84.257% of total variance, indicating that the chemical composition of groundwater is predominantly controlled by the natural dissolution of minerals and dominant local anthropogenic effect. In general, groundwater within the area of investigation is suitable for drinking and irrigation, though specific quality changes warrant attention to the targeted monitoring and sustainable groundwater management.</p>

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Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Multivariate Statistical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Kashmir Himalaya: Implications for Spatial Variability and Use Suitability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Waseem Rashid Taley,
  • Abdul Qayoom Dar

摘要

Groundwater and spring-fed sources dominate water supply in the Himalayan region because the communities are heavily dependent on them. This study assesses the hydrogeochemical behaviour, spatial heterogeneity, and the suitability of groundwater in District Ganderbal, Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir by integrating hydrochemical, geostatistical, and multivariate statistical techniques. Twenty-five groundwater samples, including 21 springs and 4 tubewells, were tested for various physicochemical parameters. The suitability for drinking and irrigation was determined using the Water Quality Index (WQI) according to IS 10500:2012 and WHO standards, and irrigation indices, including SAR, Kelly’s Ratio RSC, Magnesium Hazard Na%, and Permeability Index, as well as Wilcox and USSL diagrams, respectively. According to the WQI results, 92 percent of the samples are excellent (WQI < 50), and 8 percent are good (WQI = 50−100). The Piper diagram of hydrochemical facies shows that prevalent water types include Ca–HCO3 and Mg–HCO3, indicating carbonate weathering as the main geochemical control. The kriging method of spatial interpolation displays localized enrichment of hardness, fluoride, sulphate, and ammonia in regions of the study area. Principal component analysis reveals three major components which account for about 84.257% of total variance, indicating that the chemical composition of groundwater is predominantly controlled by the natural dissolution of minerals and dominant local anthropogenic effect. In general, groundwater within the area of investigation is suitable for drinking and irrigation, though specific quality changes warrant attention to the targeted monitoring and sustainable groundwater management.