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<p>Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) has long been used for managing metabolic disorders, yet limited studies integrate advanced analytical profiling with mechanistic in vitro validation. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition of T. foenum-graecum seeds and evaluate their antidiabetic potential using enzyme inhibition and cell-based assays. Hydroalcoholic seed extracts were analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, HPLC, LC–MS/MS, and NMR to identify and quantify major phytoconstituents. Antidiabetic activity was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, insulin secretion in INS-1/MIN6 β-cells, and glycogen synthesis in HepG2 hepatocytes. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Analytical profiling revealed abundant flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids, with diosgenin, quercetin, rutin, and trigonelline as major constituents. The extract produced dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase (up to 82.6%) and α-glucosidase (up to 85.3%), approaching acarbose activity. Glucose uptake increased 1.8-fold in L6 myotubes and 1.6-fold in adipocytes, while insulin secretion rose to 2.3-fold in β-cell assays. HepG2 cells showed a 1.7-fold increase in glycogen synthesis. No cytotoxicity was observed at the tested concentrations. This integrated analytical–biological evaluation demonstrates that T. foenum-graecum exhibits multi-targeted antidiabetic activity through enzyme inhibition, enhanced glucose utilization, β-cell stimulation, and improved hepatic glucose handling. The study provides a validated phytochemical–bioactivity correlation and supports the use of fenugreek as a promising candidate for future phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Integrated Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Antidiabetic Evaluation of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (Methi) Using Advanced Analytical and Cell-Based Approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月4日

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  • Priyanka Chakraborty,
  • Koyel Kar,
  • Sailee Chowdhury

摘要

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) has long been used for managing metabolic disorders, yet limited studies integrate advanced analytical profiling with mechanistic in vitro validation. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition of T. foenum-graecum seeds and evaluate their antidiabetic potential using enzyme inhibition and cell-based assays. Hydroalcoholic seed extracts were analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, HPLC, LC–MS/MS, and NMR to identify and quantify major phytoconstituents. Antidiabetic activity was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, insulin secretion in INS-1/MIN6 β-cells, and glycogen synthesis in HepG2 hepatocytes. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Analytical profiling revealed abundant flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids, with diosgenin, quercetin, rutin, and trigonelline as major constituents. The extract produced dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase (up to 82.6%) and α-glucosidase (up to 85.3%), approaching acarbose activity. Glucose uptake increased 1.8-fold in L6 myotubes and 1.6-fold in adipocytes, while insulin secretion rose to 2.3-fold in β-cell assays. HepG2 cells showed a 1.7-fold increase in glycogen synthesis. No cytotoxicity was observed at the tested concentrations. This integrated analytical–biological evaluation demonstrates that T. foenum-graecum exhibits multi-targeted antidiabetic activity through enzyme inhibition, enhanced glucose utilization, β-cell stimulation, and improved hepatic glucose handling. The study provides a validated phytochemical–bioactivity correlation and supports the use of fenugreek as a promising candidate for future phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.

Graphical abstract