<p>This review presents a comprehensive analysis of natural radioactivity and associated radiological health risks across the northeastern region of India. Existing studies on gamma-emitting radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K) in soils, rocks, and building materials, as well as indoor alpha activity due to radon (²²²Rn) and thoron (²²⁰Rn), were systematically compiled and analyzed. The collated data indicate that average activity concentrations of ²³⁸U (76.99&#xa0;Bq/kg), ²³²Th (81.57&#xa0;Bq/kg), and ⁴⁰K (698.65&#xa0;Bq/kg) in the region exceed the corresponding global averages reported by UNSCEAR. Derived radiological indices such as absorbed dose rate (111.03 nGy/h), annual effective dose equivalent (0.68 mSv/y), and excess lifetime cancer risk (2.38E-03) suggest moderately enhanced radiation exposure relative to the global baseline, particularly in Meghalaya, Manipur, and Assam. Indoor radon and thoron levels also reveal spatial variability, with total annual effective doses up to 2.54 mSv/y and ELCR values reaching 8.88E-03, indicating potential long-term health implications. While the observed dose and risk values remain within internationally accepted safety limits, their elevated trends necessitate continuous surveillance and public awareness initiatives. The findings underscore the influence of geological and environmental factors on background radiation in the region and highlight the importance of integrating radiological data with epidemiological and public health studies to better understand cancer risks and guide future mitigation efforts in Northeast India. This review would provide the researchers a reliable database and help in further investigation.</p>