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<p>The Himalayan regions are encountering substantial challenges in managing spring water quality, driven by rapid urbanization, changing land use patterns, and insufficient management and regulatory oversight. The present research focuses on the use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and geospatial techniques to assess the spring water quality in a Himalayan district, with 49 samples collected from Rudraprayag district for analysis. The study includes entropy weighted and weighted arithmetic WQI and their comparison to assess potability of spring water samples. The requirement of data for calculating WQI and geospatial mapping is applied after analyzing the physico-chemical parameters of all samples. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed applying APHA standard method. Only one sample demonstrates that spring water quality is non-potable for drinking due to high Fe contamination (28.40&#xa0;mg/L). Fe concentration in that location exceeds 93 times than the WHO permissible limit (0.3&#xa0;mg/L). The Mg (10.20–72.41&#xa0;mg/L) and Ca (14–142&#xa0;mg/L) concentrations in 18% and 8% of samples exceeded the WHO standard limit. The existence of higher igneous rocks and rapid groundwater pumping increases the Fe content in spring water. Results of WQI suggest that spring water quality in most of the monitoring locations is suitable for drinking. The outcomes of EWWQI and WAWQI reveal that 98% and 82% of samples have excellent water quality. Applying the procedures of identification and management, geospatial mapping is acquired depending on data ranges including all relevant criteria. Therefore periodical monitoring of physico-chemical parameters is necessary to protect waterbodies from pollution and a cost-effective treatment method must be adopted to reduce Fe contamination in spring water. Moreover, the spring water must be free from bacterial infections to safeguard human health and living organisms.</p>

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Spring Water Quality Assessment and Its Spatial Variability in the Himalayan Region: Insights from Rudraprayag District, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Atul Kumar,
  • Ankur Yadav,
  • Biplab Roy

摘要

The Himalayan regions are encountering substantial challenges in managing spring water quality, driven by rapid urbanization, changing land use patterns, and insufficient management and regulatory oversight. The present research focuses on the use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and geospatial techniques to assess the spring water quality in a Himalayan district, with 49 samples collected from Rudraprayag district for analysis. The study includes entropy weighted and weighted arithmetic WQI and their comparison to assess potability of spring water samples. The requirement of data for calculating WQI and geospatial mapping is applied after analyzing the physico-chemical parameters of all samples. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed applying APHA standard method. Only one sample demonstrates that spring water quality is non-potable for drinking due to high Fe contamination (28.40 mg/L). Fe concentration in that location exceeds 93 times than the WHO permissible limit (0.3 mg/L). The Mg (10.20–72.41 mg/L) and Ca (14–142 mg/L) concentrations in 18% and 8% of samples exceeded the WHO standard limit. The existence of higher igneous rocks and rapid groundwater pumping increases the Fe content in spring water. Results of WQI suggest that spring water quality in most of the monitoring locations is suitable for drinking. The outcomes of EWWQI and WAWQI reveal that 98% and 82% of samples have excellent water quality. Applying the procedures of identification and management, geospatial mapping is acquired depending on data ranges including all relevant criteria. Therefore periodical monitoring of physico-chemical parameters is necessary to protect waterbodies from pollution and a cost-effective treatment method must be adopted to reduce Fe contamination in spring water. Moreover, the spring water must be free from bacterial infections to safeguard human health and living organisms.