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<p>This research introduces a compact and high-performance antenna design optimized for microwave C-band applications (4–8&#xa0;GHz), with extended usability in wireless and satellite communication systems. The proposed antenna structure, measuring 20&#xa0;mm × 16&#xa0;mm, employs a Contaminated Ground Surface (CGS) technique, where selective etching of the ground plane is used to effectively enhance bandwidth and reduce mutual coupling. The antenna is excited through a microstrip line feed, covering an impressive frequency range from 3.4966 to 8.6885&#xa0;GHz, which aligns well with modern IoT and satellite system requirements. The design achieves a wide impedance bandwidth of 5.1919&#xa0;GHz and exhibits an excellent reflection coefficient of –46.478&#xa0;dB at 6.98&#xa0;GHz, indicating minimal signal loss and high efficiency. Furthermore, by configuring the design into a 2 × 2 MIMO array with overall dimensions of 20&#xa0;mm × 40&#xa0;mm, both bandwidth and gain are significantly improved. The MIMO structure offers an extended bandwidth of 6.36&#xa0;GHz (ranging from 3.31 to 9.67&#xa0;GHz), as confirmed by both simulation and experimental measurements. The design maintains a near-ideal VSWR close to 1 across the operating band and achieves peak gains of 11.471 dBi for the single-element configuration and 12.77 dBi for the 2 × 2 MIMO setup. These results demonstrate the antenna’s strong potential for integration into next-generation compact wireless systems, including IoT networks and satellite communication platforms.</p>

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Design and Fabrication of a Small-Size MIMO (2 × 2) Antenna Using Contaminated Ground Surface (CGS) Technique for Microwave C-Band and Satellite Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Anuj Kumar Sharma,
  • Vipul Sharma,
  • Atul Varshney,
  • Sanjay Singh

摘要

This research introduces a compact and high-performance antenna design optimized for microwave C-band applications (4–8 GHz), with extended usability in wireless and satellite communication systems. The proposed antenna structure, measuring 20 mm × 16 mm, employs a Contaminated Ground Surface (CGS) technique, where selective etching of the ground plane is used to effectively enhance bandwidth and reduce mutual coupling. The antenna is excited through a microstrip line feed, covering an impressive frequency range from 3.4966 to 8.6885 GHz, which aligns well with modern IoT and satellite system requirements. The design achieves a wide impedance bandwidth of 5.1919 GHz and exhibits an excellent reflection coefficient of –46.478 dB at 6.98 GHz, indicating minimal signal loss and high efficiency. Furthermore, by configuring the design into a 2 × 2 MIMO array with overall dimensions of 20 mm × 40 mm, both bandwidth and gain are significantly improved. The MIMO structure offers an extended bandwidth of 6.36 GHz (ranging from 3.31 to 9.67 GHz), as confirmed by both simulation and experimental measurements. The design maintains a near-ideal VSWR close to 1 across the operating band and achieves peak gains of 11.471 dBi for the single-element configuration and 12.77 dBi for the 2 × 2 MIMO setup. These results demonstrate the antenna’s strong potential for integration into next-generation compact wireless systems, including IoT networks and satellite communication platforms.