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<p>In this study, ZnCl<sub>2</sub> (25/50 wt.%) was reinforced in the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix to develop multifunctional composites aimed at structural and sensing applications using 3D dispenser printing. From the process capability viewpoint, a comparison was made for recycling ZnCl<sub>2</sub>-reinforced PVDF processed by material extrusion (MEX). The MEX process has the limitation of reinforcing chemicals/salts due to the melt flow index (MFI) constraints, which may be addressed by dispenser printing. For sensing capabilities analysis, a substrate was fabricated by 3D dispenser printing based on a microstrip patch antenna (MPA), and its resonance frequency (R<sub>f</sub>) was observed with a Vector network analyzer (VNA) using reverse transmission (S<sub>21</sub>), reflection coefficient (S<sub>11</sub>), and specific absorption ratio (SAR). The calculated SAR for PVDF + 25% ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and PVDF + 50% ZnCl<sub>2</sub> were 1.433 W/kg and 1.058 W/kg respectively. The observed peak stress (PS), peak load (PL), stiffness (S<sub>f</sub>), and Young’s modulus (E) for PVDF + 25% ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and PVDF + 50% ZnCl<sub>2</sub> were 5.249&#xa0;MPa, 10.498 N, 8.303 N/mm, 27.673&#xa0;MPa, and 4.273&#xa0;MPa, 8.546 N, 9.532 N/mm, and 21.339&#xa0;MPa, respectively. The study shows that the 3D dispenser printed PVDF-ZnCl<sub>₂</sub> composites are better than MEX based on electromagnetic sensing and structural strength.</p>

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Recycling of PVDF-Based Dry Cell by ZnCl2 Reinforcement Using 3D Dispenser Printing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Ankush Mehta,
  • Rupinder Singh,
  • B. S. Pabla

摘要

In this study, ZnCl2 (25/50 wt.%) was reinforced in the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix to develop multifunctional composites aimed at structural and sensing applications using 3D dispenser printing. From the process capability viewpoint, a comparison was made for recycling ZnCl2-reinforced PVDF processed by material extrusion (MEX). The MEX process has the limitation of reinforcing chemicals/salts due to the melt flow index (MFI) constraints, which may be addressed by dispenser printing. For sensing capabilities analysis, a substrate was fabricated by 3D dispenser printing based on a microstrip patch antenna (MPA), and its resonance frequency (Rf) was observed with a Vector network analyzer (VNA) using reverse transmission (S21), reflection coefficient (S11), and specific absorption ratio (SAR). The calculated SAR for PVDF + 25% ZnCl2 and PVDF + 50% ZnCl2 were 1.433 W/kg and 1.058 W/kg respectively. The observed peak stress (PS), peak load (PL), stiffness (Sf), and Young’s modulus (E) for PVDF + 25% ZnCl2 and PVDF + 50% ZnCl2 were 5.249 MPa, 10.498 N, 8.303 N/mm, 27.673 MPa, and 4.273 MPa, 8.546 N, 9.532 N/mm, and 21.339 MPa, respectively. The study shows that the 3D dispenser printed PVDF-ZnCl₂ composites are better than MEX based on electromagnetic sensing and structural strength.