<p>This study investigates the neural mechanisms of visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) in younger and older adults, focusing on hemispheric asymmetries and frequency-specific oscillatory dynamics. Understanding VSWM in aging is crucial, as it underpins essential functions such as navigation, planning, and daily cognitive skills, and alterations in these processes may provide early indicators of cognitive decline. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we analyzed oscillations in the theta, alpha, and gamma bands during memory encoding and retrieval. We further examined the role of alpha oscillations as modulators of theta–gamma activity and evaluated neuroplasticity through connectivity and power changes across age groups. The results showed significant hemispheric asymmetries in delta, alpha, and beta bands, and robust age-related differences in phase-locking value (PLV) coupling, particularly in parietal and temporal regions, while power spectral density (PSD) trends did not reach statistical significance. Event-related potentials (ERPs) further demonstrated attenuated responses in older adults. These findings suggest that while PSD may be less sensitive, PLV and ERP metrics provide more reliable indicators of age-related neuroplasticity. Our work highlights subtle but functionally meaningful neural changes with aging and offers potential biomarkers for monitoring cognitive resilience across the lifespan.</p>