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<p>Recently, numerous studies have been reported on 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and its composites-based implantable sensors. However, little has been reported on selecting a PLA composite composition for implantable sensors with better sensing capabilities for online health monitoring of comminuted fractures. This study highlights the fabrication of novel implantable sensors by fused filament fabrication (FFF) using virgin PLA and its composites to compare the sensing capabilities for online health monitoring of comminuted fractures in canines. Based on Young's modulus (E) (in tensile (1381.05 N/mm<sup>2</sup>), compressive (444.291 N/mm<sup>2</sup>) test) and modulus of rupture (MOR) (in flexural (118.23 N/mm<sup>2</sup>) test); 98% (PLA-hydroxyapatite (HAp)- chitosan (CS) -2% BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (by wt.) has shown better durability and strength for intended application. In the strain-electric (S-E) loop measurement, the PLA-HAp-CS (98%)- BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (2%) resulted in relatively less energy dissipation, which increases the sensor efficiency and quick response. The results are supported by voltage (V)-resistance (R), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and porosity (%) analysis.</p>

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On 3D Printed Polylactic Acid and its Composites as Novel Implantable Sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Gurwinder Singh,
  • Rupinder Singh,
  • Amrinder Pal Singh,
  • Arun Anand

摘要

Recently, numerous studies have been reported on 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and its composites-based implantable sensors. However, little has been reported on selecting a PLA composite composition for implantable sensors with better sensing capabilities for online health monitoring of comminuted fractures. This study highlights the fabrication of novel implantable sensors by fused filament fabrication (FFF) using virgin PLA and its composites to compare the sensing capabilities for online health monitoring of comminuted fractures in canines. Based on Young's modulus (E) (in tensile (1381.05 N/mm2), compressive (444.291 N/mm2) test) and modulus of rupture (MOR) (in flexural (118.23 N/mm2) test); 98% (PLA-hydroxyapatite (HAp)- chitosan (CS) -2% BaTiO3 (by wt.) has shown better durability and strength for intended application. In the strain-electric (S-E) loop measurement, the PLA-HAp-CS (98%)- BaTiO3 (2%) resulted in relatively less energy dissipation, which increases the sensor efficiency and quick response. The results are supported by voltage (V)-resistance (R), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and porosity (%) analysis.