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<p>High-moisture biomass waste poses significant environmental challenges, as its disposal in landfills leads to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, while its properties hinder conventional valorization methods. This research explores a sustainable method for transforming readily available wet biomass waste, specifically carrot peels, into advanced adsorbents suitable for wastewater purification. Hydrochar (HC) and activated HC were synthesized via a two-step process: hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and chemical activation. HTC was conducted at 200&#xa0;°C for 1 h to enhance methylene blue removal efficiency. The resulting HC was activated using potassium carbonate (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), which proved more effective than ammonium chloride (NH<sub>4</sub>Cl). Optimal activation conditions were identified as 600&#xa0;°C for 1.5&#xa0;h with a 2:1 activator-to-hydrochar ratio. Characterization revealed a significant enhancement in surface properties after activation. FE-SEM analysis confirmed the transformation of the compact and dense morphology of HC into a porous structure with well-developed cavities in the activated HC. The specific surface area increased from 8.2&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g for the raw HC to 691.9&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g for the activated HC. Following activation, the maximum adsorption capacity for MB increased from 20.1 to 125.1&#xa0;mg/g, an over six-fold improvement. Adsorption studies confirmed that this enhanced performance aligns with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. The proposed approach shows an efficient and sustainable pathway for the valorization of high-moisture biomass waste into effective adsorbents for water pollution remediation.</p>

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Synthesis of carrot peel-derived activated hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization to effective cationic dye removal from aqueous solution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • A. Es-hagi,
  • R. Khoshbouy,
  • D. Kahforoushan,
  • M. Asiabi

摘要

High-moisture biomass waste poses significant environmental challenges, as its disposal in landfills leads to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, while its properties hinder conventional valorization methods. This research explores a sustainable method for transforming readily available wet biomass waste, specifically carrot peels, into advanced adsorbents suitable for wastewater purification. Hydrochar (HC) and activated HC were synthesized via a two-step process: hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and chemical activation. HTC was conducted at 200 °C for 1 h to enhance methylene blue removal efficiency. The resulting HC was activated using potassium carbonate (K2CO3), which proved more effective than ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Optimal activation conditions were identified as 600 °C for 1.5 h with a 2:1 activator-to-hydrochar ratio. Characterization revealed a significant enhancement in surface properties after activation. FE-SEM analysis confirmed the transformation of the compact and dense morphology of HC into a porous structure with well-developed cavities in the activated HC. The specific surface area increased from 8.2 m2/g for the raw HC to 691.9 m2/g for the activated HC. Following activation, the maximum adsorption capacity for MB increased from 20.1 to 125.1 mg/g, an over six-fold improvement. Adsorption studies confirmed that this enhanced performance aligns with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. The proposed approach shows an efficient and sustainable pathway for the valorization of high-moisture biomass waste into effective adsorbents for water pollution remediation.