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<p>Open-top equipment is widely used in the plating industry for handling corrosive acids such as hydrochloric and nitric acids in tanks with directly exposed liquid surfaces. Small- and medium-sized facilities face greater off-site risks from spills owing to aging equipment and poor ventilation. This study assesses the toxic impact ranges of spills from such equipment involving 30% HCl and 69% HNO<sub>3</sub> using the areal locations of hazardous atmospheres dispersion model. The scenarios covered national worst-case conditions, 2024 Cheongju annual meteorology, and monthly weather patterns. Based on the emergency response planning guideline endpoints, six types of tanks varied in capacity (40–60&#xa0;m<sup>3</sup>) and surface area (5–60&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>). A sensitivity analysis revealed that surface area significantly affected the impact range. A 10% increase in HCl distance resulted in a 5.1% increase, whereas tank height had little effect. HCl showed longer ranges than HNO<sub>3</sub> (347&#xa0;m vs. 230&#xa0;m worst-case), with summer conditions extending distances up to 3.8 times over winter. Societal risk analysis based on widely used societal risk criteria indicated acceptable risk levels at higher fatality frequencies despite exceedances for smaller-scale events. These findings indicate that seasonal meteorology and exposed liquid surface area substantially influence off-site toxic dispersion and should be considered in plating tank design, ventilation planning, and community emergency preparedness.</p>

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Environmental impact assessment of acid releases from open-top plating tanks using dispersion modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月14日

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  • Eunji Hwang,
  • Yong-Wook Jung,
  • Chankyu Kang

摘要

Open-top equipment is widely used in the plating industry for handling corrosive acids such as hydrochloric and nitric acids in tanks with directly exposed liquid surfaces. Small- and medium-sized facilities face greater off-site risks from spills owing to aging equipment and poor ventilation. This study assesses the toxic impact ranges of spills from such equipment involving 30% HCl and 69% HNO3 using the areal locations of hazardous atmospheres dispersion model. The scenarios covered national worst-case conditions, 2024 Cheongju annual meteorology, and monthly weather patterns. Based on the emergency response planning guideline endpoints, six types of tanks varied in capacity (40–60 m3) and surface area (5–60 m2). A sensitivity analysis revealed that surface area significantly affected the impact range. A 10% increase in HCl distance resulted in a 5.1% increase, whereas tank height had little effect. HCl showed longer ranges than HNO3 (347 m vs. 230 m worst-case), with summer conditions extending distances up to 3.8 times over winter. Societal risk analysis based on widely used societal risk criteria indicated acceptable risk levels at higher fatality frequencies despite exceedances for smaller-scale events. These findings indicate that seasonal meteorology and exposed liquid surface area substantially influence off-site toxic dispersion and should be considered in plating tank design, ventilation planning, and community emergency preparedness.