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<p>Starch was extracted from jackfruit and durian seeds using distilled water and alkaline methods, with higher yields obtained via distilled water (27.7% and 18.4%, respectively). The extracted starches were cationized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTA) to enhance coagulation performance. Characterization confirmed successful functionalization, with particle size increases of 32% (jackfruit) and 45% (durian). Coagulation performance was optimized using Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were pH 5, 40.7&#xa0;mg/L dosage, and 240&#xa0;rpm for jackfruit seed starch (JSS), and pH 5, 190&#xa0;mg/L, and 210&#xa0;rpm for durian seed starch (DSS). Maximum turbidity removal reached 88 ± 2% in synthetic kaolin water. Application to river water (initial turbidity: 172 NTU) demonstrated superior performance of JSS and DSS compared to alum, achieving over 81% turbidity removal. These results highlight the potential of cationized seed starches as sustainable alternatives to conventional coagulants.</p>

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Synthesis, characterization, and process optimization of natural coagulants from jackfruit and durian seeds for turbidity removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • K. Ho,
  • S. Y. Lau,
  • M. Yılmaz,
  • L. H. Ting,
  • T. I. Shi,
  • M. K. Lam,
  • S. Y. Choy,
  • S. Lim

摘要

Starch was extracted from jackfruit and durian seeds using distilled water and alkaline methods, with higher yields obtained via distilled water (27.7% and 18.4%, respectively). The extracted starches were cationized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTA) to enhance coagulation performance. Characterization confirmed successful functionalization, with particle size increases of 32% (jackfruit) and 45% (durian). Coagulation performance was optimized using Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were pH 5, 40.7 mg/L dosage, and 240 rpm for jackfruit seed starch (JSS), and pH 5, 190 mg/L, and 210 rpm for durian seed starch (DSS). Maximum turbidity removal reached 88 ± 2% in synthetic kaolin water. Application to river water (initial turbidity: 172 NTU) demonstrated superior performance of JSS and DSS compared to alum, achieving over 81% turbidity removal. These results highlight the potential of cationized seed starches as sustainable alternatives to conventional coagulants.