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<p>Diclofenac sodium (DCF), a common pharmaceutical contaminant, poses risks to both environmental and human health even at low concentrations. Although environmental levels typically fall within the ng/L–µg/L range, this study investigates DCF sorption in the low‑mg/L domain (1–10&#xa0;mg/L) to elucidate adsorption mechanisms and thermodynamic behavior. A kaolinite-biochar composite made from almond shell biomass (Kaol-ASB) was evaluated as a sustainable adsorbent. Electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions were found to be the most important processes for DCF uptake. The Langmuir model predicted a theoretical monolayer capacity of 125&#xa0;mg/g, whereas the experimentally observed capacity was approximately 7.5&#xa0;mg/g. Kinetic and isotherm modeling revealed pseudo-second-order chemisorption and Langmuir-type monolayer binding, with thermodynamic characteristics indicating a spontaneous, slightly endothermic process. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of interfacial charge modulation in pharmaceutical adsorption and illustrate the potential of kaolinite-biochar composites as ecologically friendly sorbents for reducing pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic systems.</p>

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Sorption behavior of diclofenac on a kaolinite–biochar composite: adsorption mechanisms and environmental implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • R. Lafi,
  • R. Elleuch,
  • S. Jebri,
  • W. Mabrouk,
  • A. Y. A. Alzahrani,
  • Y. O. Al-Ghamdi,
  • S. M. A. S. Keshk

摘要

Diclofenac sodium (DCF), a common pharmaceutical contaminant, poses risks to both environmental and human health even at low concentrations. Although environmental levels typically fall within the ng/L–µg/L range, this study investigates DCF sorption in the low‑mg/L domain (1–10 mg/L) to elucidate adsorption mechanisms and thermodynamic behavior. A kaolinite-biochar composite made from almond shell biomass (Kaol-ASB) was evaluated as a sustainable adsorbent. Electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions were found to be the most important processes for DCF uptake. The Langmuir model predicted a theoretical monolayer capacity of 125 mg/g, whereas the experimentally observed capacity was approximately 7.5 mg/g. Kinetic and isotherm modeling revealed pseudo-second-order chemisorption and Langmuir-type monolayer binding, with thermodynamic characteristics indicating a spontaneous, slightly endothermic process. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of interfacial charge modulation in pharmaceutical adsorption and illustrate the potential of kaolinite-biochar composites as ecologically friendly sorbents for reducing pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic systems.