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<p>The wider range of natural sunlight spectrum is imperative for effective and viable utilization of photocatalysis-based water treatment technologies. Semiconducting materials with a wide band gap are trustworthy in the domain of photocatalysis due to their rapid redox activity. Despite this advantage, the rapid electron–hole recombination rate decreases the carriers responsible for the redox action in pollutants. However, this issue can be resolved by tuning the band gap of semiconductors and fabricating their heterostructure with other materials. In the present study, tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) and titanium carbide (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>) MXene-based heterostructure (MXene/SnO<sub>2</sub>) is fabricated by thermal deposition and drop casting methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show peaks for SnO<sub>2</sub> and the MXene/SnO<sub>2</sub> heterostructure, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis reveal flaky MXene sheets on the SnO<sub>2</sub> thin films, consistent with their elemental composition, which is further investigated via <i>X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).</i> The photocatalytic activity of SnO<sub>2</sub>, MXene, and MXene/SnO<sub>2</sub> heterostructure was evaluated towards methylene blue (MB) degradation under sunlight. MXene, due to its extremely narrow band gap, is used as a conductive material to facilitate ion transport in the heterostructure. Among all the samples, MXene/SnO<sub>2</sub> heterostructure demonstrated the fastest dye degradation rate of 6.67 × 10<sup>–3</sup>&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> with 3.11&#xa0;eV band gap. For interpreting the extent of charge transfer, kinetic models are employed on the results obtained for MXene/SnO<sub>2</sub> heterostructure. The study reveals the significance of a reusable heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic application in dye degradation for addressing organic pollutants.</p>

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Titanium carbide MXene/SnO2 synergy for rapid and sustainable photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • M. Ali,
  • S. Karamat,
  • S. Kanwal,
  • S. Hassan,
  • A. Numan,
  • M. Talha

摘要

The wider range of natural sunlight spectrum is imperative for effective and viable utilization of photocatalysis-based water treatment technologies. Semiconducting materials with a wide band gap are trustworthy in the domain of photocatalysis due to their rapid redox activity. Despite this advantage, the rapid electron–hole recombination rate decreases the carriers responsible for the redox action in pollutants. However, this issue can be resolved by tuning the band gap of semiconductors and fabricating their heterostructure with other materials. In the present study, tin oxide (SnO2) and titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXene-based heterostructure (MXene/SnO2) is fabricated by thermal deposition and drop casting methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show peaks for SnO2 and the MXene/SnO2 heterostructure, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis reveal flaky MXene sheets on the SnO2 thin films, consistent with their elemental composition, which is further investigated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of SnO2, MXene, and MXene/SnO2 heterostructure was evaluated towards methylene blue (MB) degradation under sunlight. MXene, due to its extremely narrow band gap, is used as a conductive material to facilitate ion transport in the heterostructure. Among all the samples, MXene/SnO2 heterostructure demonstrated the fastest dye degradation rate of 6.67 × 10–3 min−1 with 3.11 eV band gap. For interpreting the extent of charge transfer, kinetic models are employed on the results obtained for MXene/SnO2 heterostructure. The study reveals the significance of a reusable heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic application in dye degradation for addressing organic pollutants.