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<p>Managing industrial by-products remains a critical environmental challenge due to their potential as a significant source of pollution. This study proposes a novel waste valorization strategy that utilizes ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) for the effective stabilization of problematic loess soils. The performance of this strategy was rigorously evaluated through a comprehensive experimental program. Samples treated with varying dosages of GGBS and traditional lime were subjected to mechanical tests (UCS, CP, UPV), successive freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs), and advanced microstructural analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET). Environmental safety was assessed via inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis to investigate heavy metal immobilization. The results demonstrated that the GGBS-based composite effectively solidified hazardous elements (As, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb), significantly reducing their mobility and bioaccessibility. Technically, the optimal GGBS dosage not only surpassed lime in enhancing soil strength and ductility but also reduced the collapse potential from “severe” to “slight”. A quantitative sustainability assessment revealed that this shift to GGBS results in a remarkable reduction of over 90% in carbon emissions and up to 67% in costs compared to conventional lime stabilization. Therefore, employing GGBS for soil stabilization presents a dual-benefit solution: it addresses the pressing issue of industrial waste management while promoting sustainable construction practices, thereby contributing directly to the goals of a circular economy.</p>

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Sustainable management of industrial residues via GGBS-based loess stabilization: enhancing strength, durability, and heavy metal immobilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月17日

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  • M. H. Hatefi,
  • M. Arabani,
  • I. Hosseinpour,
  • M. Payan,
  • P. Z. Ranjbar

摘要

Managing industrial by-products remains a critical environmental challenge due to their potential as a significant source of pollution. This study proposes a novel waste valorization strategy that utilizes ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) for the effective stabilization of problematic loess soils. The performance of this strategy was rigorously evaluated through a comprehensive experimental program. Samples treated with varying dosages of GGBS and traditional lime were subjected to mechanical tests (UCS, CP, UPV), successive freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs), and advanced microstructural analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET). Environmental safety was assessed via inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis to investigate heavy metal immobilization. The results demonstrated that the GGBS-based composite effectively solidified hazardous elements (As, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb), significantly reducing their mobility and bioaccessibility. Technically, the optimal GGBS dosage not only surpassed lime in enhancing soil strength and ductility but also reduced the collapse potential from “severe” to “slight”. A quantitative sustainability assessment revealed that this shift to GGBS results in a remarkable reduction of over 90% in carbon emissions and up to 67% in costs compared to conventional lime stabilization. Therefore, employing GGBS for soil stabilization presents a dual-benefit solution: it addresses the pressing issue of industrial waste management while promoting sustainable construction practices, thereby contributing directly to the goals of a circular economy.