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<p>Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide used in different crops to combat fungal infestation. Its wider application threatens non-target organisms and it is a highly persistent and Class IV hazardous pesticide. It is a human carcinogen and an endocrine-disrupting chemical, and its prolonged use also causes embryotoxicity and mutagenicity. Various physical methods, including elution, adsorption, photodegradation, supercritical fluid extraction, as well as biological methods, are employed to decontaminate or eradicate carbendazim-contaminated environments. Microbial degradation is one of the most eco-friendly approaches, and numerous studies have been conducted to isolate and identify bacterial and fungal carbendazim-degrading strains. Therefore, this review specifically aims to evaluate current studies on carbendazim degradation. A literature survey shows that different metabolites, specifically 2-aminobenzimidazole and 2-hydroxybenzimidazole, are produced and have been proven to be less toxic compounds compared to the parent molecule. Our review further reveals that some previous studies have explored the genetic and molecular mechanisms of bacterial and fungal carbendazim degradation. One gene, <i>mheI</i>, and several enzymes, including esterases, hydroxylases, monooxygenases, and catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase, are responsible for carbendazim degradation. Moreover, bacterial strains comprising <i>Rhodococcus</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, and <i>Streptomyces</i> were reported to have greater degradation potential compared to fungal strains. Most significantly, <i>Bacillus</i> and <i>Rhodococcus</i> spp. are potential candidates for carbendazim degradation. Thus, this review is helpful in understanding biodegradation, updating the current knowledge on carbendazim degradation, and addressing existing knowledge gaps.</p>

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Biodegradation of carbendazim in contaminated soils: mechanisms, microbial pathways, and environmental implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • M. G. Barq,
  • W. Hussain,
  • M. Hashir,
  • A. Amin

摘要

Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide used in different crops to combat fungal infestation. Its wider application threatens non-target organisms and it is a highly persistent and Class IV hazardous pesticide. It is a human carcinogen and an endocrine-disrupting chemical, and its prolonged use also causes embryotoxicity and mutagenicity. Various physical methods, including elution, adsorption, photodegradation, supercritical fluid extraction, as well as biological methods, are employed to decontaminate or eradicate carbendazim-contaminated environments. Microbial degradation is one of the most eco-friendly approaches, and numerous studies have been conducted to isolate and identify bacterial and fungal carbendazim-degrading strains. Therefore, this review specifically aims to evaluate current studies on carbendazim degradation. A literature survey shows that different metabolites, specifically 2-aminobenzimidazole and 2-hydroxybenzimidazole, are produced and have been proven to be less toxic compounds compared to the parent molecule. Our review further reveals that some previous studies have explored the genetic and molecular mechanisms of bacterial and fungal carbendazim degradation. One gene, mheI, and several enzymes, including esterases, hydroxylases, monooxygenases, and catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase, are responsible for carbendazim degradation. Moreover, bacterial strains comprising Rhodococcus, Bacillus, and Streptomyces were reported to have greater degradation potential compared to fungal strains. Most significantly, Bacillus and Rhodococcus spp. are potential candidates for carbendazim degradation. Thus, this review is helpful in understanding biodegradation, updating the current knowledge on carbendazim degradation, and addressing existing knowledge gaps.