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<p>This study examined microplastic pollution in two sea sponge species (<i>Mycale grandis</i> and <i>Cinachyrella</i> sp.) from the Gulf of Thailand, evaluating extraction methods and contamination patterns. Forty-seven samples were collected, with outer and inner layers analyzed separately using Method 1 (KOH/H₂O₂ + NaCl) and Method 2 (Fenton’s reagent + ZnCl₂) for extraction efficiency comparison. Microplastics were quantified via stereomicroscopy and µ-FTIR. Method 2 outperformed Method 1, detecting MPs in 78% vs. 62% of samples, with concentrations ranging 0.004–0.039 n/g. Fibers dominated (69–85%), primarily rayon and PET. <i>Mycale grandis</i> accumulated more MPs than <i>Cinachyrella</i> sp., especially at OS-6 (70% of total MPs), a site receiving higher human impacts. PCA and Mantel tests linked larger sponge size (width/height) to higher PP/PE adherence, underscoring morphology’s role in contamination. Key findings revealed microplastics adhered exclusively to sponge surfaces, with no penetration into inner tissues. Surface abundances (0.222 ± 0.094 n/g) were 15-fold higher than whole-body measurements (0.014 ± 0.005 n/g), confirming passive entrapment on the pinacoderm. The absence of internal MPs highlights sponges as surface-specific bioindicators, with methodological choices critically influencing reported abundances. These results highlight the importance of standardized surface-focused protocols in biomonitoring and targeted mitigation of land-based plastic sources, particularly textiles, to protect marine filter feeders.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Insights into microplastic abundance and characteristics in sea sponges: influence of extraction methods and morphological traits

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • K. B. Hossain,
  • C. Charoenpong,
  • A. Tongrod,
  • S. Putchakarn,
  • X. Wang,
  • J. Tasnim,
  • P. Sompongchaiyakul

摘要

This study examined microplastic pollution in two sea sponge species (Mycale grandis and Cinachyrella sp.) from the Gulf of Thailand, evaluating extraction methods and contamination patterns. Forty-seven samples were collected, with outer and inner layers analyzed separately using Method 1 (KOH/H₂O₂ + NaCl) and Method 2 (Fenton’s reagent + ZnCl₂) for extraction efficiency comparison. Microplastics were quantified via stereomicroscopy and µ-FTIR. Method 2 outperformed Method 1, detecting MPs in 78% vs. 62% of samples, with concentrations ranging 0.004–0.039 n/g. Fibers dominated (69–85%), primarily rayon and PET. Mycale grandis accumulated more MPs than Cinachyrella sp., especially at OS-6 (70% of total MPs), a site receiving higher human impacts. PCA and Mantel tests linked larger sponge size (width/height) to higher PP/PE adherence, underscoring morphology’s role in contamination. Key findings revealed microplastics adhered exclusively to sponge surfaces, with no penetration into inner tissues. Surface abundances (0.222 ± 0.094 n/g) were 15-fold higher than whole-body measurements (0.014 ± 0.005 n/g), confirming passive entrapment on the pinacoderm. The absence of internal MPs highlights sponges as surface-specific bioindicators, with methodological choices critically influencing reported abundances. These results highlight the importance of standardized surface-focused protocols in biomonitoring and targeted mitigation of land-based plastic sources, particularly textiles, to protect marine filter feeders.

Graphical abstract