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<p>Littered cigarette butts are among the most widespread and persistent forms of plastic pollution globally. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of cigarette butt litter on terrestrial urban streets in Tubod, Iligan City, Philippines. Field observations were conducted from October to November 2022, between 12:00 and 5:00 p.m. Philippine Standard Time, using a modified visual survey method adapted to local conditions. A total of 11,306 cigarette butts were collected across all 41 surveyed sites, corresponding to a mean litter density of 0.083 ± 0.090 items per square meter. The street area exhibited only a modest explanatory effect on cigarette butt accumulation at the pooled level (coefficient of determination = 0.38), with residual diagnostics indicating heteroscedasticity and non-normality. Disaggregated analyses revealed that residential streets showed a statistically significant relationship, whereas commercial, institutional, and mixed-use streets exhibited weak relationships. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that cigarette filters are composed of cellulose triacetate, a durable polymer with long environmental persistence. The spatial distribution patterns indicate a predominantly linear consumption-to-disposal pathway, with filters discarded directly at points of use. Accordingly, the study proposes context-specific mitigation measures, including optimized placement of butt-specific receptacles in high-activity streets, targeted enforcement of anti-littering ordinances, and pilot-scale recovery integrated into municipal and informal waste systems. Future multi-index frameworks that combine chemical characterization, spatial metrics, and human activity indicators are recommended to better resolve accumulation dynamics and identify gaps in urban waste management.</p>

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Littered cigarette butts in urban streets in Southern Philippines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • K. N. D. Araña,
  • Y. C. Lim,
  • F. P. J. B. Albarico,
  • A. A. Aguilar Jr.,
  • H. D. Maruhom,
  • J. I. D. S. Ungang,
  • N. G. Dimaongon,
  • C.-W. Chen,
  • C.-D. Dong,
  • H. P. Bacosa

摘要

Littered cigarette butts are among the most widespread and persistent forms of plastic pollution globally. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of cigarette butt litter on terrestrial urban streets in Tubod, Iligan City, Philippines. Field observations were conducted from October to November 2022, between 12:00 and 5:00 p.m. Philippine Standard Time, using a modified visual survey method adapted to local conditions. A total of 11,306 cigarette butts were collected across all 41 surveyed sites, corresponding to a mean litter density of 0.083 ± 0.090 items per square meter. The street area exhibited only a modest explanatory effect on cigarette butt accumulation at the pooled level (coefficient of determination = 0.38), with residual diagnostics indicating heteroscedasticity and non-normality. Disaggregated analyses revealed that residential streets showed a statistically significant relationship, whereas commercial, institutional, and mixed-use streets exhibited weak relationships. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that cigarette filters are composed of cellulose triacetate, a durable polymer with long environmental persistence. The spatial distribution patterns indicate a predominantly linear consumption-to-disposal pathway, with filters discarded directly at points of use. Accordingly, the study proposes context-specific mitigation measures, including optimized placement of butt-specific receptacles in high-activity streets, targeted enforcement of anti-littering ordinances, and pilot-scale recovery integrated into municipal and informal waste systems. Future multi-index frameworks that combine chemical characterization, spatial metrics, and human activity indicators are recommended to better resolve accumulation dynamics and identify gaps in urban waste management.