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<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a diverse class of persistent organic pollutants that are ubiquitously detected across water and soil environments, posing serious ecological and human health risks. PFAS compositions vary by environmental matrices. Long-chain compounds dominate groundwater, short-chain forms are common in stormwater, mixed PFAS appear in surface waters, and landfill leachates show the highest diversity, while soils and sediments serve as long-term PFAS sinks. Therefore, different strategies are needed for different aquatic and soil systems. This review comprehensively examines biomass-based approaches for PFAS removal in various environments for the first time, including adsorption and phytoremediation. In water environments, biomass-derived adsorbents such as activated carbon, hydro char, and cationic nanocellulose remove PFAS primarily through hydrophobic partitioning, electrostatic interaction, ion-pair formation, and metal-fluoride complexation. In soil environments, plant-based remediation relies on root absorption, translocation, and rhizospheric transformation, where short-rotation crops preferentially accumulate short-chain PFAS, and deep-rooted grasses aided by mild surfactant amendments improve long-chain PFAS uptake.</p><p>This review also highlights critical gaps in current biomass-based PFAS remediation, including limited field-scale validation, insufficient treatment of ultrashort-chain PFAS (e.g., TFA and PFPrA), and strategies for managing PFAS-laden spent biomass. We recommend future research to prioritize (i) hybrid treatment systems that integrate biomass adsorption with phytoremediation or advanced oxidation/reduction processes, (ii) computationally guided design of functionalized biomass sorbents to improve selectivity in real matrices, and (iii) regeneration and disposal pathways that ensure permanent PFAS destruction. Overall, these advances are essential for translating biomass-based PFAS remediation from laboratory studies to sustainable real-world applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Current opinion in biomass-based applications in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal in water and soil systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • E. A. Foley,
  • L. E. Campbell,
  • I. K. Harris,
  • H. Chen

摘要

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a diverse class of persistent organic pollutants that are ubiquitously detected across water and soil environments, posing serious ecological and human health risks. PFAS compositions vary by environmental matrices. Long-chain compounds dominate groundwater, short-chain forms are common in stormwater, mixed PFAS appear in surface waters, and landfill leachates show the highest diversity, while soils and sediments serve as long-term PFAS sinks. Therefore, different strategies are needed for different aquatic and soil systems. This review comprehensively examines biomass-based approaches for PFAS removal in various environments for the first time, including adsorption and phytoremediation. In water environments, biomass-derived adsorbents such as activated carbon, hydro char, and cationic nanocellulose remove PFAS primarily through hydrophobic partitioning, electrostatic interaction, ion-pair formation, and metal-fluoride complexation. In soil environments, plant-based remediation relies on root absorption, translocation, and rhizospheric transformation, where short-rotation crops preferentially accumulate short-chain PFAS, and deep-rooted grasses aided by mild surfactant amendments improve long-chain PFAS uptake.

This review also highlights critical gaps in current biomass-based PFAS remediation, including limited field-scale validation, insufficient treatment of ultrashort-chain PFAS (e.g., TFA and PFPrA), and strategies for managing PFAS-laden spent biomass. We recommend future research to prioritize (i) hybrid treatment systems that integrate biomass adsorption with phytoremediation or advanced oxidation/reduction processes, (ii) computationally guided design of functionalized biomass sorbents to improve selectivity in real matrices, and (iii) regeneration and disposal pathways that ensure permanent PFAS destruction. Overall, these advances are essential for translating biomass-based PFAS remediation from laboratory studies to sustainable real-world applications.

Graphical abstract