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<p>Mining activities are major drivers of land-use change and significantly increase dust pollution in the Haraz Basin, Iran. This study evaluated mining impacts using data from Sentinel-2, MODIS, and ASTER, analyzing the Normalized Difference Built-up Index, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and aerosol optical depth. Between 2016 and 2024, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index increased from −&#xa0;0.80–0.26 to−&#xa0;0.56–0.30, indicating expansion of built-up and mining areas, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index declined from −&#xa0;0.19–0.71 to −&#xa0;0.11–0.67, reflecting vegetation loss, particularly in Hyrcanian forests and mining zones. Individual mine expansion was substantial: Mine 1 (+ 44%), Mine 2 (+ 75%), Mine 3 (+ 63%), and Mine 4 (+ 92%). Aerosol optical depth increased from 0.16–0.81 to 0.14–0.88, with summer maxima (0.244–0.345) and winter minima (0.096–0.161), revealing a seasonal dust cycle controlled by dry conditions and precipitation. Statistical analyses showed a strong relationship between the Normalized Difference Built-up Index and aerosol optical depth (coefficient of determination = 0.64; Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.80; Kendall rank correlation = 0.89; Spearman rank correlation = 0.97; mutual information = 1.28; distance correlation = 0.85). Principal component analysis indicated that the first component explained 91% of the aerosol optical depth variance, while K-means clustering classified mining activity into low, moderate, and high levels corresponding to increasing dust intensity. These results demonstrate that mining expansion directly intensifies particulate pollution and degrades air quality, highlighting the need for effective dust mitigation and vegetation restoration to protect environmental and public health.</p>

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Remote sensing assessment of dust pollution from mining activities in Haraz Basin, Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月15日

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  • K. Solaimani,
  • A. Yousefi-Kebriya

摘要

Mining activities are major drivers of land-use change and significantly increase dust pollution in the Haraz Basin, Iran. This study evaluated mining impacts using data from Sentinel-2, MODIS, and ASTER, analyzing the Normalized Difference Built-up Index, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and aerosol optical depth. Between 2016 and 2024, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index increased from − 0.80–0.26 to− 0.56–0.30, indicating expansion of built-up and mining areas, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index declined from − 0.19–0.71 to − 0.11–0.67, reflecting vegetation loss, particularly in Hyrcanian forests and mining zones. Individual mine expansion was substantial: Mine 1 (+ 44%), Mine 2 (+ 75%), Mine 3 (+ 63%), and Mine 4 (+ 92%). Aerosol optical depth increased from 0.16–0.81 to 0.14–0.88, with summer maxima (0.244–0.345) and winter minima (0.096–0.161), revealing a seasonal dust cycle controlled by dry conditions and precipitation. Statistical analyses showed a strong relationship between the Normalized Difference Built-up Index and aerosol optical depth (coefficient of determination = 0.64; Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.80; Kendall rank correlation = 0.89; Spearman rank correlation = 0.97; mutual information = 1.28; distance correlation = 0.85). Principal component analysis indicated that the first component explained 91% of the aerosol optical depth variance, while K-means clustering classified mining activity into low, moderate, and high levels corresponding to increasing dust intensity. These results demonstrate that mining expansion directly intensifies particulate pollution and degrades air quality, highlighting the need for effective dust mitigation and vegetation restoration to protect environmental and public health.