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<p>As vital components of urban green infrastructure, city parks play a crucial role in regulating the local climate. However, studies in severely cold regions have mainly focused on summer cooling effects, with limited attention to year-round thermal dynamics. This study examines 35 urban parks in Hohhot, China (≥ 3&#xa0;ha), using seasonal land surface temperature data derived from Sentinel-2, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, and Landsat imagery (March 2022–February 2025). The attenuation gradient of park-cooling intensity was quantified within 0–300&#xa0;m concentric buffers to assess seasonal variations in thermal regulation. Given the strongest cooling observed in summer, the influence of landscape characteristics—area, perimeter, shape index, green space proportion, and water surface proportion—was further analyzed using Pearson correlation.</p><p>Results indicate that (1) stable cooling effects occurred in spring, summer, and autumn, with the strongest in summer (mean reduction 2.56&#xa0;°C) and an effective cooling radius up to 90&#xa0;m, while no significant effect appeared in winter; (2) summer temperatures were weakly related to geometric factors but strongly linked to surface composition, showing negative correlations with vegetation coverage and green space proportion, and positive correlations with impervious surfaces; and (3) larger parks expanded cooling extent, with vegetation and water enhancing cooling and impervious surfaces reducing it. These findings reveal the seasonal dynamics and scale thresholds of urban park cooling in severely cold regions, providing scientific guidance for climate-responsive and sustainable park planning.</p>

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Seasonal thermal effects of urban parks in severely cold regions: a case study of Hohhot

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • S. Hou,
  • C. Cao,
  • Z. Ren,
  • C. Li,
  • J. Li

摘要

As vital components of urban green infrastructure, city parks play a crucial role in regulating the local climate. However, studies in severely cold regions have mainly focused on summer cooling effects, with limited attention to year-round thermal dynamics. This study examines 35 urban parks in Hohhot, China (≥ 3 ha), using seasonal land surface temperature data derived from Sentinel-2, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, and Landsat imagery (March 2022–February 2025). The attenuation gradient of park-cooling intensity was quantified within 0–300 m concentric buffers to assess seasonal variations in thermal regulation. Given the strongest cooling observed in summer, the influence of landscape characteristics—area, perimeter, shape index, green space proportion, and water surface proportion—was further analyzed using Pearson correlation.

Results indicate that (1) stable cooling effects occurred in spring, summer, and autumn, with the strongest in summer (mean reduction 2.56 °C) and an effective cooling radius up to 90 m, while no significant effect appeared in winter; (2) summer temperatures were weakly related to geometric factors but strongly linked to surface composition, showing negative correlations with vegetation coverage and green space proportion, and positive correlations with impervious surfaces; and (3) larger parks expanded cooling extent, with vegetation and water enhancing cooling and impervious surfaces reducing it. These findings reveal the seasonal dynamics and scale thresholds of urban park cooling in severely cold regions, providing scientific guidance for climate-responsive and sustainable park planning.