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<p>Long-term marine disturbances, such as desalination, and vessel traffic, pose a threat to ecosystem health<b>.</b> This study investigated the effects of prolonged salinization (resulting from desalination), and bottom shear stress or acoustic disturbance (due to vessel traffic) on the sea urchin <i>Echinometra mathaei</i> in the Persian Gulf. This study is unique in its application of a stress-response approach to sea urchin red cells, which includes the cell density, the diversity of PolyHydroxylated NaphthoQuinones (PHNQs), and oxidative stress, specifically the multiplicity of reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) markers. PHNQs were differentially expressed, as evidenced by assessments of extracellular oxidative stress, indicating their involvement in redox regulation. PHNQs are defined as polyphenolic compounds that originate from marine sources. PHNQs are marine-based and protect marine organisms from oxidative stress. An increased level of PHNQs manifested the activation of antioxidant responses to free radicals together with an array of related cellular damage in response. PHNQs were identified and quantified by LC-QqQ-MS. Stressed sea urchins showed higher red cell levels, greater diversity and abundance of PHNQs, and increased expression of antioxidant metabolites. A total of 21 types of PHNQs were identified, including a high diversity of sulfated and dimeric forms in specimens collected from boat-traffic-dominated areas, especially under salinity stress. These results suggested that elevated PHNQ levels in <i>E. mathaei</i> may help alleviate oxidative stress, and thus serve as indicators of long-term environmental stressors, such as salinity changes or vessel traffic.</p>

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Chronic stress assessment in Echinometra mathaei using PHNQs in the coastal environment of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • M. Chitsaz,
  • R. Mousavi-Nadushan,
  • P. Ghavam Mostafavi,
  • D. Shahbazzadeh

摘要

Long-term marine disturbances, such as desalination, and vessel traffic, pose a threat to ecosystem health. This study investigated the effects of prolonged salinization (resulting from desalination), and bottom shear stress or acoustic disturbance (due to vessel traffic) on the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei in the Persian Gulf. This study is unique in its application of a stress-response approach to sea urchin red cells, which includes the cell density, the diversity of PolyHydroxylated NaphthoQuinones (PHNQs), and oxidative stress, specifically the multiplicity of reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) markers. PHNQs were differentially expressed, as evidenced by assessments of extracellular oxidative stress, indicating their involvement in redox regulation. PHNQs are defined as polyphenolic compounds that originate from marine sources. PHNQs are marine-based and protect marine organisms from oxidative stress. An increased level of PHNQs manifested the activation of antioxidant responses to free radicals together with an array of related cellular damage in response. PHNQs were identified and quantified by LC-QqQ-MS. Stressed sea urchins showed higher red cell levels, greater diversity and abundance of PHNQs, and increased expression of antioxidant metabolites. A total of 21 types of PHNQs were identified, including a high diversity of sulfated and dimeric forms in specimens collected from boat-traffic-dominated areas, especially under salinity stress. These results suggested that elevated PHNQ levels in E. mathaei may help alleviate oxidative stress, and thus serve as indicators of long-term environmental stressors, such as salinity changes or vessel traffic.