<p>Effective waste management in fossil fuel-fired power plants is essential for reducing environmental impacts and improving resource recovery. While previous studies have not thoroughly evaluated treatment approaches for both solid waste and wastewater, this review addresses the gap by examining various methods to reduce soil and water contamination from these wastes. The paper explores management solutions for wastes including coal combustion residuals (CCRs) such as fly ash and bottom ash, byproducts of flue gas cleaning systems (including flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproducts, collected particulate matter (PM), spent catalysts of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, exhausted sorbents), lubricant wastes, chemical cleaning pollutants, and blowdown water. Wastewater treatment methods are categorized into physical (e.g. membrane filtration, crystallization, thermal desalination, adsorption), chemical (including chemical precipitation (CP), solidification/stabilization (S/S), chemical oxidation (CO), and ion exchange (IX)), biological, and hybrid systems. Physical methods offer high removal efficiency but may be costly and energy-intensive. Chemical methods including precipitation and oxidation provide effective pollutant removal but can produce secondary waste, while biological treatments are more environmentally friendly but often slower and less efficient with complex contaminants. Hybrid systems combine the strengths of several techniques, enhancing overall performance and reducing energy consumption, though they may require more equipment and higher initial investment. This research highlights critical gaps in the long-term management of waste by-products and emphasizes the potential of integrating advanced technologies—such as artificial intelligence (AI), waste-to-energy systems, and novel processes—to optimize treatment, enhance resource recovery, and support long-term sustainability.</p>