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<p>As environmental challenges evolve, continuous research is essential to combat pollutants. Nanotechnology offers the potential for the development of alternative technologies for industrial effluent treatment. This paper offers an overview of nanomaterials, compares their efficiencies, and provides the best technical applications for industrial effluent treatment. The proportional contribution of nanotechnology-mediated industrial effluent treatment reveals that 60.4% of research articles adhere to Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation. This reflects alignment of nanotechnology with water purification to enhance sustainable development. Integrating nanomaterials into hybrid systems (e.g., adsorption + advanced oxidation + membrane filtration), industries can achieve compliance with environmental regulations while minimizing operational costs. Carbon nanotubes excel in adsorption and thermal conductivity, graphene offers mechanical strength and conductivity, and Fullerenes show high electron affinity and strength. Most nanoadsorbents peak at pH 2–5, indicating acidic preferences. Kinetic modelling reveals monolayer adsorption being dominant. Critical analysis of literature ascertains that silver-based composites and bandgap-engineered hybrids are frontrunners in photocatalysis, but practical deployment requires optimizing synthesis, scalability, reaction kinetics, and pollutant specificity. Silver-based composites (Ag<sub>2</sub>O, Ag-doped) consistently outperform standalone TiO<sub>2</sub> or ZnO. TiO<sub>2</sub>–CdS (2.19&#xa0;eV) outperforms pure TiO<sub>2</sub> (3.30&#xa0;eV) due to enhanced visible-light absorption. Hybrid systems combining fast kinetics (e.g., Ag<sub>2</sub>O) with high efficiency (e.g., ZnO/CdO) can give a balanced performance. Nano TiO<sub>2</sub> might offer a benchmark material for advanced oxidation through photocatalysis, but requires ultraviolet activation, which is energy-intensive and costly. Meanwhile, nano zero-valent iron removes pollutants through adsorption, reduction, and co-precipitation, but faces agglomeration and surface passivation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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The nexus of nanotechnology and industrial effluents: a comprehensive review of promising nanomaterials employed for treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月9日

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  • M. Shakeel,
  • S. Ahmed

摘要

As environmental challenges evolve, continuous research is essential to combat pollutants. Nanotechnology offers the potential for the development of alternative technologies for industrial effluent treatment. This paper offers an overview of nanomaterials, compares their efficiencies, and provides the best technical applications for industrial effluent treatment. The proportional contribution of nanotechnology-mediated industrial effluent treatment reveals that 60.4% of research articles adhere to Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation. This reflects alignment of nanotechnology with water purification to enhance sustainable development. Integrating nanomaterials into hybrid systems (e.g., adsorption + advanced oxidation + membrane filtration), industries can achieve compliance with environmental regulations while minimizing operational costs. Carbon nanotubes excel in adsorption and thermal conductivity, graphene offers mechanical strength and conductivity, and Fullerenes show high electron affinity and strength. Most nanoadsorbents peak at pH 2–5, indicating acidic preferences. Kinetic modelling reveals monolayer adsorption being dominant. Critical analysis of literature ascertains that silver-based composites and bandgap-engineered hybrids are frontrunners in photocatalysis, but practical deployment requires optimizing synthesis, scalability, reaction kinetics, and pollutant specificity. Silver-based composites (Ag2O, Ag-doped) consistently outperform standalone TiO2 or ZnO. TiO2–CdS (2.19 eV) outperforms pure TiO2 (3.30 eV) due to enhanced visible-light absorption. Hybrid systems combining fast kinetics (e.g., Ag2O) with high efficiency (e.g., ZnO/CdO) can give a balanced performance. Nano TiO2 might offer a benchmark material for advanced oxidation through photocatalysis, but requires ultraviolet activation, which is energy-intensive and costly. Meanwhile, nano zero-valent iron removes pollutants through adsorption, reduction, and co-precipitation, but faces agglomeration and surface passivation.

Graphical abstract