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<p>Vehicles are a major contributor to heavy metal (HM) contamination in urban environments, raising serious concerns for soil quality and public health. In this study, we analyzed total and bioaccessible concentrations of eight HMs in 123 roadside soil samples from the metropolitan region of Recife, Brazil. The peaks of concentrations for As (15.0–30.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), Ba (163.0–1708.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), Cr (152.0–250.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), Cu (110.0–5225.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), Pb (320.0–1623.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), and Zn (1019.0–38,000.0&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>) exceeded national soil quality guidelines. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed severe to extreme pollution for 24–76% of the samples, with the following ranking: As &gt; V &gt; Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Ba &gt; Cr &gt; Mn. The Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) method showed highest gastric-phase availability for Zn (28%), Cu and Ba (21%), and lower values for As (3%), Cr and V (1%). When bioaccessibility data were incorporated into a probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulations, As, Cr, and V emerged as key contributors to non-carcinogenic risks, with As and Cr also presenting unacceptable carcinogenic risks. These findings highlight the value of integrating bioaccessibility data into health risk frameworks to support more accurate assessments and guide risk mitigation strategies in urban settings.</p>

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Bioaccessibility and health risk of heavy metals in roadside soils from a densely populated city in Brazil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月18日

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  • F. B. V. da Silva,
  • L. H. V. Lima,
  • S. A. da Silva Lins,
  • P. R. M. Araújo,
  • A. M. Álvarez,
  • L. J. S. de Mello,
  • P. F. Santos,
  • C. W. A. do Nascimento

摘要

Vehicles are a major contributor to heavy metal (HM) contamination in urban environments, raising serious concerns for soil quality and public health. In this study, we analyzed total and bioaccessible concentrations of eight HMs in 123 roadside soil samples from the metropolitan region of Recife, Brazil. The peaks of concentrations for As (15.0–30.0 mg kg⁻1), Ba (163.0–1708.0 mg kg⁻1), Cr (152.0–250.0 mg kg⁻1), Cu (110.0–5225.0 mg kg⁻1), Pb (320.0–1623.0 mg kg⁻1), and Zn (1019.0–38,000.0 mg kg⁻1) exceeded national soil quality guidelines. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed severe to extreme pollution for 24–76% of the samples, with the following ranking: As > V > Cu > Zn > Pb > Ba > Cr > Mn. The Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) method showed highest gastric-phase availability for Zn (28%), Cu and Ba (21%), and lower values for As (3%), Cr and V (1%). When bioaccessibility data were incorporated into a probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulations, As, Cr, and V emerged as key contributors to non-carcinogenic risks, with As and Cr also presenting unacceptable carcinogenic risks. These findings highlight the value of integrating bioaccessibility data into health risk frameworks to support more accurate assessments and guide risk mitigation strategies in urban settings.