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<p>Heavy metals are highly hazardous compounds that must be managed carefully, economically, and sustainably. Bioremediation is an essential method for reducing the harmful levels of toxic heavy metal pollutants in the environment. Bacteria employ bio-sorption and bio-accumulation strategies that entail ATP-dependent substrate-specific sequestration to eliminate the contaminants through redox metabolism and enzyme-transformation procedures. Metal ions can be bound and transported to the bacterial cytoplasm via possible chemisorption sites in the bacterial cell wall. Immobilizing bacterial cells on biochar will improve the simultaneous potential, synergistic adsorption, and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from contaminated soil. Bacterial immobilization on biochar can be understood by the adsorption principles. Biochar that has been pyrolyzed at temperatures higher than 500&#xa0;°C is suggested for immobilizing bacteria. Extra polymeric substances (EPS) released from bacterial cells lessen the stress of metal contaminants during bioremediation by immobilizing bacteria on biochar. The use of biochar-immobilized <i>Bacillus</i> s<i>pp.</i> and <i>Geobacillus spp.</i> was investigated in this review study. For example, biochar mediated by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> has a 99.9% maximal capacity to absorb harmful metallic substances from the environment. Bio-adsorption, biomineralization, biosorption, bio-reduction, and bioaccumulation are important steps of this metal&#xa0;elimination procedure. Nevertheless, more investigation is required to comprehend the fundamental mechanisms better, investigate potential solutions, and evaluate the overall effectiveness of this new technology.</p>

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Removal of toxic arsenic and chromium from soil using biochar-immobilized Geobacillus and Bacillus species: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • A. Patil,
  • M. Arya,
  • B. K. Yadav,
  • M. Nahar,
  • N. Rajamohan

摘要

Heavy metals are highly hazardous compounds that must be managed carefully, economically, and sustainably. Bioremediation is an essential method for reducing the harmful levels of toxic heavy metal pollutants in the environment. Bacteria employ bio-sorption and bio-accumulation strategies that entail ATP-dependent substrate-specific sequestration to eliminate the contaminants through redox metabolism and enzyme-transformation procedures. Metal ions can be bound and transported to the bacterial cytoplasm via possible chemisorption sites in the bacterial cell wall. Immobilizing bacterial cells on biochar will improve the simultaneous potential, synergistic adsorption, and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from contaminated soil. Bacterial immobilization on biochar can be understood by the adsorption principles. Biochar that has been pyrolyzed at temperatures higher than 500 °C is suggested for immobilizing bacteria. Extra polymeric substances (EPS) released from bacterial cells lessen the stress of metal contaminants during bioremediation by immobilizing bacteria on biochar. The use of biochar-immobilized Bacillus spp. and Geobacillus spp. was investigated in this review study. For example, biochar mediated by Bacillus subtilis has a 99.9% maximal capacity to absorb harmful metallic substances from the environment. Bio-adsorption, biomineralization, biosorption, bio-reduction, and bioaccumulation are important steps of this metal elimination procedure. Nevertheless, more investigation is required to comprehend the fundamental mechanisms better, investigate potential solutions, and evaluate the overall effectiveness of this new technology.