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<p>Waste management is critical for municipalities to achieve sustainable growth. The production of organic municipal solid waste, including food waste, has increased globally as a result of increased population growth and rapid urbanization, which place a major burden on cities. Hence, this review paper highlights recent developments in the management of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Techniques emphasizing its significance as a potential biorefinery for the production of valuable end products and techno-economic analyses for all approaches, including composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, hydrothermal carbon, hydrothermal liquefaction, and microbial fuel cells, were summarized. Valuable end products produced from different waste to energy management technologies lead to a circular economy, which can be a pathway leading to economic and environmental sustainability. Based on this study, the techniques of anaerobic digestion and microbial fuel cells are still in pilot studies, whereas composting and incineration are the ones that are most frequently employed globally. The fastest approach to processing waste into any related value-added product is hydrothermal carbon and liquefaction, which takes 15&#xa0;min to 3&#xa0;days, while the longest period is for anaerobic digestion, which takes 65–180&#xa0;days based on feedstock. Technoeconomic analysis demonstrates that biofertilizers are less cost-effective due to their market pricing as compared to anaerobic digestion which produces biogas and electricity to foster a more circular economy concept. Other researchers and stakeholders can use the results presented to determine which technique and method are best suited for waste management systems in order to achieve sustainability.</p>

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Recent advancements in the treatments of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste towards circular economy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月10日

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  • N. A. N. Md Nasir,
  • I. A. Zakarya,
  • N. Anuar,
  • S. A. Kamaruddin,
  • N. A. M. Helmi

摘要

Waste management is critical for municipalities to achieve sustainable growth. The production of organic municipal solid waste, including food waste, has increased globally as a result of increased population growth and rapid urbanization, which place a major burden on cities. Hence, this review paper highlights recent developments in the management of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Techniques emphasizing its significance as a potential biorefinery for the production of valuable end products and techno-economic analyses for all approaches, including composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, hydrothermal carbon, hydrothermal liquefaction, and microbial fuel cells, were summarized. Valuable end products produced from different waste to energy management technologies lead to a circular economy, which can be a pathway leading to economic and environmental sustainability. Based on this study, the techniques of anaerobic digestion and microbial fuel cells are still in pilot studies, whereas composting and incineration are the ones that are most frequently employed globally. The fastest approach to processing waste into any related value-added product is hydrothermal carbon and liquefaction, which takes 15 min to 3 days, while the longest period is for anaerobic digestion, which takes 65–180 days based on feedstock. Technoeconomic analysis demonstrates that biofertilizers are less cost-effective due to their market pricing as compared to anaerobic digestion which produces biogas and electricity to foster a more circular economy concept. Other researchers and stakeholders can use the results presented to determine which technique and method are best suited for waste management systems in order to achieve sustainability.