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<p>This study is to investigate the degradation of clopidogrel using ZnO doped with europium under sunlight. This research targets the under-explored pharmaceutical pollutant clopidogrel, with europium doping significantly improving the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO by reducing electron–hole recombination and enhancing light absorption. Europium-doped ZnO was characterized through XRD, SEM, DRS, and Zeta potential analyses, successfully demonstrating the synthesis. The results obtained indicated that within 90&#xa0;min, approximately 91% of the COD in the water was decreased, showcasing the performance of the prepared photocatalyst (3% Eu-doped ZnO). Doping ZnO with Eu enhances its photocatalytic properties due to defects in the crystal structure and changes in the surface area. The difference in photocatalytic ability for the solar degradation of clopidogrel using 3% Eu-doped ZnO (95%), compared to undoped ZnO (65%), is approximately 30% higher. The results indicate that 3% Eu could be more efficient in terms of photocatalytic performance than lower and higher amounts of it. Actually, doping ZnO with 3% Eu causes the band gap to decrease about 0.4&#xa0;eV, indicating that 3% Eu-doped ZnO could generate more electrons and holes, thereby improving photocatalytic performance.</p>

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Solar-driven clopidogrel degradation with europium-enhanced ZnO nanocatalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月21日

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  • M. Hosseini,
  • M. Panahimehr,
  • S. M. Khoshfetrat

摘要

This study is to investigate the degradation of clopidogrel using ZnO doped with europium under sunlight. This research targets the under-explored pharmaceutical pollutant clopidogrel, with europium doping significantly improving the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO by reducing electron–hole recombination and enhancing light absorption. Europium-doped ZnO was characterized through XRD, SEM, DRS, and Zeta potential analyses, successfully demonstrating the synthesis. The results obtained indicated that within 90 min, approximately 91% of the COD in the water was decreased, showcasing the performance of the prepared photocatalyst (3% Eu-doped ZnO). Doping ZnO with Eu enhances its photocatalytic properties due to defects in the crystal structure and changes in the surface area. The difference in photocatalytic ability for the solar degradation of clopidogrel using 3% Eu-doped ZnO (95%), compared to undoped ZnO (65%), is approximately 30% higher. The results indicate that 3% Eu could be more efficient in terms of photocatalytic performance than lower and higher amounts of it. Actually, doping ZnO with 3% Eu causes the band gap to decrease about 0.4 eV, indicating that 3% Eu-doped ZnO could generate more electrons and holes, thereby improving photocatalytic performance.