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<p>Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide widely used in agriculture to control lepidopteran larvae. Although it is often regarded as a selective, reduced-risk compound with limited effects on non-target arthropods, its potential impact on bees, especially native species, remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the acute toxicity and locomotor effects of indoxacarb in two stingless bee species, <i>Melipona beecheii</i> and <i>Nannotrigona perilampoides</i> (Hymenoptera: Meliponini). Under laboratory conditions, bees were exposed for 48&#xa0;h to sucrose solution containing the field-recommended concentration of indoxacarb (75&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>), its tenfold (7.5&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and 100-fold (0.75&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>) dilutions, or an insecticide-free control. Survival, mean survival time, hazard ratios (HR), and walking speed were assessed. At the field-recommended concentration, both species reached 0% survival, within 12&#xa0;h in <i>M. beecheii</i> and 48&#xa0;h in <i>N. perilampoides</i>. Mean survival time was 11.7&#xa0;h and 42.4&#xa0;h, and the HR was 335.21 and 36.62, respectively. At the tenfold and 100-fold dilutions, survival in <i>M. beecheii</i> declined to 23.3% and 53.3% after 48&#xa0;h, whereas <i>N. perilampoides</i> declined to 73.3% with both dilutions. Exposure to indoxacarb also affected locomotor performance. In <i>M. beecheii</i>, walking speed decreased after 6&#xa0;h of exposure, with the significant reduction at the field-recommended concentration, while the lowest concentration did not differ from the control. In <i>N. perilampoides</i>, this effect occurred only at the field-recommended rate after 10&#xa0;h. Overall, our findings show that indoxacarb poses lethal and sublethal risks to Neotropical stingless bees, with <i>M. beecheii</i> exhibiting greater susceptibility than <i>N. perilampoides</i>.</p>

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Acute Toxicity and Locomotor Effects of Oral Exposure to the Insecticide Indoxacarb in Two Species of Neotropical Stingless Bees, Melipona beecheii and Nannotrigona perilampoides

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Selmy Adriana Ayala-Tzab,
  • Esaú Ruiz-Sánchez,
  • Cristian Góngora-Gamboa,
  • Horacio Ballina-Gómez,
  • Luis Latournerie-Moreno,
  • Alejandro García-Ramírez

摘要

Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide widely used in agriculture to control lepidopteran larvae. Although it is often regarded as a selective, reduced-risk compound with limited effects on non-target arthropods, its potential impact on bees, especially native species, remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the acute toxicity and locomotor effects of indoxacarb in two stingless bee species, Melipona beecheii and Nannotrigona perilampoides (Hymenoptera: Meliponini). Under laboratory conditions, bees were exposed for 48 h to sucrose solution containing the field-recommended concentration of indoxacarb (75 mg L−1), its tenfold (7.5 mg L−1) and 100-fold (0.75 mg L−1) dilutions, or an insecticide-free control. Survival, mean survival time, hazard ratios (HR), and walking speed were assessed. At the field-recommended concentration, both species reached 0% survival, within 12 h in M. beecheii and 48 h in N. perilampoides. Mean survival time was 11.7 h and 42.4 h, and the HR was 335.21 and 36.62, respectively. At the tenfold and 100-fold dilutions, survival in M. beecheii declined to 23.3% and 53.3% after 48 h, whereas N. perilampoides declined to 73.3% with both dilutions. Exposure to indoxacarb also affected locomotor performance. In M. beecheii, walking speed decreased after 6 h of exposure, with the significant reduction at the field-recommended concentration, while the lowest concentration did not differ from the control. In N. perilampoides, this effect occurred only at the field-recommended rate after 10 h. Overall, our findings show that indoxacarb poses lethal and sublethal risks to Neotropical stingless bees, with M. beecheii exhibiting greater susceptibility than N. perilampoides.