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<p>Semiconductor heterostructures offer an effective strategy for improving photocatalytic dye degradation by enhancing interfacial charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. In this study, a ZnO–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite containing 10% Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and evaluated for the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-assisted degradation of Reactive Violet 1 (RV1) dye in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction confirmed the coexistence of crystalline ZnO and Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> phases, while FTIR analysis verified characteristic Zn–O and Bi–O vibrational features. SEM observations revealed an aggregated, rough, and heterogeneous micro/nanostructured morphology, providing accessible surface sites for dye–photocatalyst interaction. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that RV1 degradation increased with irradiation time and decreased with increasing initial dye concentration. Among the investigated systems, UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/ZnO–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> showed the highest removal efficiency, achieving 71% degradation after 100&#xa0;min for 100 ppm RV1 at pH 7, outperforming UV alone, UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and UV/ZnO–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The enhanced activity is attributed to the cooperative effect of UV-induced charge separation across the ZnO–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> heterostructure and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-assisted hydroxyl radical generation. A plausible degradation pathway is proposed in which photogenerated holes, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals mediate chromophore cleavage and oxidative decomposition of RV1 into lower-molecular-weight intermediates and mineralization products. These findings suggest that ZnO–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coupled with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is a promising photocatalytic platform for treating dye-contaminated wastewater.</p>

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Efficient photocatalytic degradation of reactive violet 1 dye using ZnO–Bi2O3 composites under UV and H2O2 irradiation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Muhammad Nouman Haider,
  • Muhammad Imran Kanjal,
  • Maryam Batool,
  • Rabia Iftikhar,
  • Talha Bin Tariq,
  • Qaiser Abbas,
  • Muhammad Irfan Ahamad,
  • Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain,
  • Imran Siddique,
  • Mohamed A. Habib,
  • Ahmed B. M. Ibrahim

摘要

Semiconductor heterostructures offer an effective strategy for improving photocatalytic dye degradation by enhancing interfacial charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. In this study, a ZnO–Bi2O3 composite containing 10% Bi2O3 was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and evaluated for the UV/H2O2-assisted degradation of Reactive Violet 1 (RV1) dye in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction confirmed the coexistence of crystalline ZnO and Bi2O3 phases, while FTIR analysis verified characteristic Zn–O and Bi–O vibrational features. SEM observations revealed an aggregated, rough, and heterogeneous micro/nanostructured morphology, providing accessible surface sites for dye–photocatalyst interaction. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that RV1 degradation increased with irradiation time and decreased with increasing initial dye concentration. Among the investigated systems, UV/H2O2/ZnO–Bi2O3 showed the highest removal efficiency, achieving 71% degradation after 100 min for 100 ppm RV1 at pH 7, outperforming UV alone, UV/H2O2, and UV/ZnO–Bi2O3. The enhanced activity is attributed to the cooperative effect of UV-induced charge separation across the ZnO–Bi2O3 heterostructure and H2O2-assisted hydroxyl radical generation. A plausible degradation pathway is proposed in which photogenerated holes, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals mediate chromophore cleavage and oxidative decomposition of RV1 into lower-molecular-weight intermediates and mineralization products. These findings suggest that ZnO–Bi2O3 coupled with H2O2 is a promising photocatalytic platform for treating dye-contaminated wastewater.