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<p>The recovery of bismuth from aqueous media has garnered growing attention due to its dual relevance to environmental safety and industrial resource sustainability. This study systematically explores the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms governing the adsorption of Bi(III) using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), as polymeric adsorbent, fabricated from polyvinyl chloride/di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (PVC/D2EHPA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-hexafluoropropylene)/D2EHPA (PVDF-HFP/D2EHPA). Batch adsorption experiments were performed under optimized conditions, and the resulting data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models. Among these, the pseudo-second-order model exhibited the best fit, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. Additional support from Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models suggests a multistep adsorption pathway involving both surface interaction and internal diffusion. Adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models. The Langmuir model showed excellent agreement, suggesting monolayer adsorption onto homogeneous active sites, while D–R isotherm analysis further confirmed a chemisorptive interaction with mean adsorption energies ranging from 12.91 to 13.87&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>− 1</sup>. Maximum adsorption capacities were approximately 50 mg g<sup>− 1</sup> for PVC/D2EHPA and 40 mg g<sup>− 1</sup> for PVDF-HFP/D2EHPA membranes. These findings offer mechanistic insights into the adsorption behavior of Bi(III) on PIMs, contributing to the development of efficient, selective, and reusable membrane systems for heavy metal remediation from aqueous environments.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Kinetic and isotherm modeling of Bi(III) adsorption by D2EHPA-functionalized PVC- and PVDF-HFP-based polymer inclusion membranes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Davood Kazemi,
  • Mohammad Reza Yaftian

摘要

The recovery of bismuth from aqueous media has garnered growing attention due to its dual relevance to environmental safety and industrial resource sustainability. This study systematically explores the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms governing the adsorption of Bi(III) using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), as polymeric adsorbent, fabricated from polyvinyl chloride/di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (PVC/D2EHPA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/D2EHPA (PVDF-HFP/D2EHPA). Batch adsorption experiments were performed under optimized conditions, and the resulting data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models. Among these, the pseudo-second-order model exhibited the best fit, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. Additional support from Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models suggests a multistep adsorption pathway involving both surface interaction and internal diffusion. Adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models. The Langmuir model showed excellent agreement, suggesting monolayer adsorption onto homogeneous active sites, while D–R isotherm analysis further confirmed a chemisorptive interaction with mean adsorption energies ranging from 12.91 to 13.87 kJ mol− 1. Maximum adsorption capacities were approximately 50 mg g− 1 for PVC/D2EHPA and 40 mg g− 1 for PVDF-HFP/D2EHPA membranes. These findings offer mechanistic insights into the adsorption behavior of Bi(III) on PIMs, contributing to the development of efficient, selective, and reusable membrane systems for heavy metal remediation from aqueous environments.

Graphical abstract