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Background <p>Salmonella enterica causes a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases in animals. It relies on the outer membrane invasion protein (InvG) to penetrate intestinal host cells. This study aimed to develop an effective vaccine against Salmonella that targeted the InvG protein.</p> Materials and methods <p>The InvG sequence was examined to determine possible epitopes. The optimal epitopes were applied for cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and B-cells. The vaccine was developed by combining epitopes with the linkers (KK, AAY, GPGPG, and EAAAK). The InvGVac vaccine was evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and immunological response. The 3D structure was created using molecular modeling tools. The optimal docking of the InvGVac with the TLR3 receptor was investigated using ClusPro 2.0. The immune response was simulated using C-ImmSim. The mRNA structure of InvGVac was examined to establish its stability and efficacy.</p> Results <p>Epitopes of InvG were determined. The final InvGVac sequence was composed of 302 amino acid residues. The InvGVac’s 3D structure was validated and refined. Immunological evaluation showed that InvGVac is hypoallergenic, non-toxic, and antigenic. The top ten models of (InvGVac-TLR3) with the free energy were determined. The InvGVac stable structure strongly interacts with human TLR3. The vaccine elicited a robust immune response, including antibody production and T-cell activation. The 2D mRNA structure was extremely stable.</p> Conclusions <p>The research showed that InvGVac is a promising and effective target of Salmonella infection. Nevertheless, additional laboratory research is necessary to establish the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine, and only then can the vaccine be used extensively.</p>

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A promising vaccine candidate targeting the outer membrane invasion protein invg: a step toward controlling Salmonella enterica infections

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月11日

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  • Ali Adel Dawood

摘要

Background

Salmonella enterica causes a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases in animals. It relies on the outer membrane invasion protein (InvG) to penetrate intestinal host cells. This study aimed to develop an effective vaccine against Salmonella that targeted the InvG protein.

Materials and methods

The InvG sequence was examined to determine possible epitopes. The optimal epitopes were applied for cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and B-cells. The vaccine was developed by combining epitopes with the linkers (KK, AAY, GPGPG, and EAAAK). The InvGVac vaccine was evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and immunological response. The 3D structure was created using molecular modeling tools. The optimal docking of the InvGVac with the TLR3 receptor was investigated using ClusPro 2.0. The immune response was simulated using C-ImmSim. The mRNA structure of InvGVac was examined to establish its stability and efficacy.

Results

Epitopes of InvG were determined. The final InvGVac sequence was composed of 302 amino acid residues. The InvGVac’s 3D structure was validated and refined. Immunological evaluation showed that InvGVac is hypoallergenic, non-toxic, and antigenic. The top ten models of (InvGVac-TLR3) with the free energy were determined. The InvGVac stable structure strongly interacts with human TLR3. The vaccine elicited a robust immune response, including antibody production and T-cell activation. The 2D mRNA structure was extremely stable.

Conclusions

The research showed that InvGVac is a promising and effective target of Salmonella infection. Nevertheless, additional laboratory research is necessary to establish the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine, and only then can the vaccine be used extensively.