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<p>In this experimental study, the lanthanide- and yttria-reinforced hard tungsten-based composites were fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering processes. The precursor powders of pure W, Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> oxides were mixed in given ratios and then milled in situ for 80&#xa0;h in a planetary ball mill. The prepared powders were subsequently sintered at different sintering temperatures and times. Mechanically alloyed powders, consolidated samples, and their worn surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Archimedes’ principle, respectively. A micro-Vickers hardness tester was employed to measure the hardness values of the sintered samples, whereas the wear characteristics were determined using a pin-on-disk tribometer test, conducted under dry sliding conditions. It was shown that the hardness and wear resistance of consolidated samples were improved with an increase in sintering temperature and time. Moreover, it was also noticed that La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is found to be more effective in enhancing the sinterability, hardness, and wear resistance of tungsten matrix than Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles. For the W-1.5 wt.% La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite at 1700&#xa0;°C, it has the highest COF value of 0.11 and a minimum specific wear rate of 2.3 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm was observed. However, the W-4 wt.% Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite exhibited a COF value of 0.075 and a specific wear rate of 3.1 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm under similar conditions.</p>

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Influence of Processing Parameters on Microstructural Development and Tribological Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintered Hard W-1.5 wt.% La2O3 and W-4 wt.% Y2O3 Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Muddassar Hussain,
  • Zafar Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Zarif,
  • Mahmood Hussain,
  • Abbas Saeed Hakeem,
  • Syed Mujtaba-Ul-Hassan,
  • Muhammad Laraib,
  • Hafiz Zahid Shafi,
  • Fasial Shahzad

摘要

In this experimental study, the lanthanide- and yttria-reinforced hard tungsten-based composites were fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering processes. The precursor powders of pure W, Y2O3, and La2O3 oxides were mixed in given ratios and then milled in situ for 80 h in a planetary ball mill. The prepared powders were subsequently sintered at different sintering temperatures and times. Mechanically alloyed powders, consolidated samples, and their worn surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Archimedes’ principle, respectively. A micro-Vickers hardness tester was employed to measure the hardness values of the sintered samples, whereas the wear characteristics were determined using a pin-on-disk tribometer test, conducted under dry sliding conditions. It was shown that the hardness and wear resistance of consolidated samples were improved with an increase in sintering temperature and time. Moreover, it was also noticed that La2O3 is found to be more effective in enhancing the sinterability, hardness, and wear resistance of tungsten matrix than Y2O3 particles. For the W-1.5 wt.% La2O3 composite at 1700 °C, it has the highest COF value of 0.11 and a minimum specific wear rate of 2.3 × 10−7 mm3/Nm was observed. However, the W-4 wt.% Y2O3 composite exhibited a COF value of 0.075 and a specific wear rate of 3.1 × 10−7 mm3/Nm under similar conditions.