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<p>Several ironmaking initiatives were conducted in colonial and imperial Brazil, using either direct or indirect wrought iron processes, based on a magnetitic ore occurring 100&#xa0;km west of São Paulo. The composition of the ore, including 2.5% titanium oxide and 0.5% vanadium oxide, allows an interesting approach to the slags and slag inclusion compositions, in the search of&#xa0;microstructural signatures of different processes and products of that site. Sardinha iron mill lasted from 1590 to 1620, while Ipanema ironworks operated with blast furnaces from 1818 to 1926. The microstructures of the objects associated with those two sites were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron&#xa0;microscopy (SEM). To carry out a comprehensive microstructural characterization,&#xa0;iron bars and slag samples were also chemically investigated by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The paper discusses if the slag inclusion compositions can be used to discriminate iron bars produced by direct or indirect processes, as there is evidence that slag inclusions from bloomery type processes showed higher titanium oxide contents, while the wrought iron bars undoubtedly produced by indirect process indicate higher vanadium content in their slag inclusions.</p>

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Titanium and Vanadium in Slag Inclusions from Ipanema and Sardinha Sites, Brazil (XVI and XIX Centuries)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月16日

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  • Rafael Rocha Maia,
  • Elise Lauria,
  • Victor Sales,
  • Pedro Praça de Souza,
  • Augusto Camara Neiva,
  • Flavio Beneduce,
  • Daniel L. Rodrigues,
  • Fernando JG Landgraf

摘要

Several ironmaking initiatives were conducted in colonial and imperial Brazil, using either direct or indirect wrought iron processes, based on a magnetitic ore occurring 100 km west of São Paulo. The composition of the ore, including 2.5% titanium oxide and 0.5% vanadium oxide, allows an interesting approach to the slags and slag inclusion compositions, in the search of microstructural signatures of different processes and products of that site. Sardinha iron mill lasted from 1590 to 1620, while Ipanema ironworks operated with blast furnaces from 1818 to 1926. The microstructures of the objects associated with those two sites were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To carry out a comprehensive microstructural characterization, iron bars and slag samples were also chemically investigated by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The paper discusses if the slag inclusion compositions can be used to discriminate iron bars produced by direct or indirect processes, as there is evidence that slag inclusions from bloomery type processes showed higher titanium oxide contents, while the wrought iron bars undoubtedly produced by indirect process indicate higher vanadium content in their slag inclusions.