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<p>Plant species of the genera Ziziphus and Balanites are widely used in Ethiopian traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of infectious diseases. Commonly utilized species include <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> (L.) Willd., <i>Z. mucronata</i> Willd., <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> (L.) Del., and <i>B. rotundifolia</i> (Tiegh.) Blatt. However, their antimicrobial properties remain inadequately explored from a scientific perspective. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of leaf extracts from these species. Extraction with ethanol and methanol produced variable yields ranging from 5.4 to 42% and 5.7–23.4%, respectively. The extracts were tested against six clinically important bacterial strains: <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, while MIC and MBC values were determined by broth macro-dilution across 15.625–500&#xa0;mg/mL. All assays were performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. The methanol extract of <i>Z. spina-christi</i> exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all strains, with MIC values as low as 15.625&#xa0;mg/mL. <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> showed moderate activity against <i>S. typhimurium</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, whereas <i>Z. mucronata</i> and <i>B. rotundifolia</i> showed no detectable effects even at 500&#xa0;mg/mL. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among extract concentrations and controls (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Variations in activity may be attributed to solvent polarity or phytochemical composition. As a limitation, solvent-only wells (10% DMSO) and in vivo tests were not included in the main dataset. These findings support traditional uses of <i>Z. spina-christi</i> and <i>B. aegyptiaca</i>, highlighting them as promising antibacterial candidates.</p>

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Antibacterial properties of Ziziphus spina-christi, Z. mucronata, Balanites aegyptiaca, and B. rotundifolia against pathogenic bacteria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月6日

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  • Mohammed Adefa Seid,
  • Alemtshay Teka,
  • Haile Alemayehu,
  • Tigist Wondimu

摘要

Plant species of the genera Ziziphus and Balanites are widely used in Ethiopian traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of infectious diseases. Commonly utilized species include Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd., Z. mucronata Willd., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., and B. rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt. However, their antimicrobial properties remain inadequately explored from a scientific perspective. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of leaf extracts from these species. Extraction with ethanol and methanol produced variable yields ranging from 5.4 to 42% and 5.7–23.4%, respectively. The extracts were tested against six clinically important bacterial strains: Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, while MIC and MBC values were determined by broth macro-dilution across 15.625–500 mg/mL. All assays were performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. The methanol extract of Z. spina-christi exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all strains, with MIC values as low as 15.625 mg/mL. Balanites aegyptiaca showed moderate activity against S. typhimurium and K. pneumoniae, whereas Z. mucronata and B. rotundifolia showed no detectable effects even at 500 mg/mL. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among extract concentrations and controls (P < 0.05). Variations in activity may be attributed to solvent polarity or phytochemical composition. As a limitation, solvent-only wells (10% DMSO) and in vivo tests were not included in the main dataset. These findings support traditional uses of Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca, highlighting them as promising antibacterial candidates.