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<p>Honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) are essential pollinators vital to ecosystem health and crop production. Neonicotinoid insecticides have raised concerns due to their potential effects on honey bee populations. This study compared the toxicity of six neonicotinoids including imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and dinotefuran using a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Data from 31 studies were analyzed with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. Toxicity outcomes were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) for mortality and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) and median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) values, with 95% credible intervals. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was used to rank the compounds and determine their relative toxicity to honey bees. For honey bee mortality, dinotefuran had the highest SUCRA value (0.76), indicating the greatest probability of being the most lethal compound (OR = 0.07 compared with control) within the mortality network. On the other hand, clothianidin, scoring 0.38, was found to have the lowest hazard for honey bees among the neonicotinoids assessed. In terms of LD<sub>50</sub> values, thiamethoxam had the highest SUCRA value (0.76), indicating the greatest probability of being the most toxic (SMD range − 28.68 to − 34.85&#xa0;µg/bee compared with other compounds) compound in the LD<sub>50</sub> network, while acetamiprid was the least toxic, with a score of 0.05. For LC<sub>50</sub> values, imidacloprid, with a score of 0.84, was the most toxic (SMD = − 76.94&#xa0;ppm compared with acetamiprid), whereas thiacloprid, scoring 0.22, was the least toxic neonicotinoid among those evaluated. Furthermore, a moderate consistency (Spearman’s <i>ρ</i> = 0.72, <i>p</i> = 0.136) was observed between official and literature-based toxicity rank correlations. This network meta-analysis indicates that dinotefuran poses the highest mortality risk to honey bees among neonicotinoids, underscoring the need for cautious use in pollinator-active areas. Conversely, acetamiprid and thiacloprid showed the lowest toxicity among the neonicotinoids evaluated.</p>

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Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to honey bees: a network meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Mohammad Razmkabir,
  • Shima Youzi,
  • Farid Adnani,
  • Skala Idrees Hama Faraj,
  • Peyman Mahmoudi,
  • Fani Hatjina

摘要

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are essential pollinators vital to ecosystem health and crop production. Neonicotinoid insecticides have raised concerns due to their potential effects on honey bee populations. This study compared the toxicity of six neonicotinoids including imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and dinotefuran using a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Data from 31 studies were analyzed with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. Toxicity outcomes were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) for mortality and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for median lethal dose (LD50) and median lethal concentration (LC50) values, with 95% credible intervals. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was used to rank the compounds and determine their relative toxicity to honey bees. For honey bee mortality, dinotefuran had the highest SUCRA value (0.76), indicating the greatest probability of being the most lethal compound (OR = 0.07 compared with control) within the mortality network. On the other hand, clothianidin, scoring 0.38, was found to have the lowest hazard for honey bees among the neonicotinoids assessed. In terms of LD50 values, thiamethoxam had the highest SUCRA value (0.76), indicating the greatest probability of being the most toxic (SMD range − 28.68 to − 34.85 µg/bee compared with other compounds) compound in the LD50 network, while acetamiprid was the least toxic, with a score of 0.05. For LC50 values, imidacloprid, with a score of 0.84, was the most toxic (SMD = − 76.94 ppm compared with acetamiprid), whereas thiacloprid, scoring 0.22, was the least toxic neonicotinoid among those evaluated. Furthermore, a moderate consistency (Spearman’s ρ = 0.72, p = 0.136) was observed between official and literature-based toxicity rank correlations. This network meta-analysis indicates that dinotefuran poses the highest mortality risk to honey bees among neonicotinoids, underscoring the need for cautious use in pollinator-active areas. Conversely, acetamiprid and thiacloprid showed the lowest toxicity among the neonicotinoids evaluated.