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<p>Pollination influences not only fruit set but also postharvest behavior in tomatoes; however, its interaction with ethylene-regulated ripening is not fully understood. This study compared bee pollination (BP) and non-bee pollination (NBP) in ‘Dotaerang’ tomato to assess effects on fruit morphology, ripening progression, ethylene physiology, and the molecular response to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). BP fruits showed higher sphericity, fewer malformations, and greater seed number and weight than NBP fruits. NBP fruits entered the breaker and red stages earlier, exhibited earlier climacteric peaks of ethylene and respiration, accumulated more lycopene, and showed earlier induction of carotenoid biosynthesis genes. By integrating gene expression profiles with GENIE3 network inference, we propose a refined three-phase (P1–P3) model for ethylene biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate that the transition from basal (P1) to autocatalytic (P3) ethylene production is precisely modulated by the pollination status. Specifically, NBP accelerates the activation of the transition hub gene, <i>LeACS7</i>, likely due to the premature decline of seed-derived ripening repressors. Furthermore, pollination background significantly influenced ethylene receptor dynamics; NBP fruits treated with 1-MCP exhibited asynchronous ripening during extended storage, which was associated with an inability to effectively downregulate ethylene receptors (<i>LeETR4</i> and <i>LeETR6</i>). Ultimately, these findings indicate that effective BP is a vital preharvest strategy to optimize ethylene-related gene networks, ensuring uniform ripening and maximizing postharvest quality.</p>

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Bee pollination enhances fruit development and delays ripening by modulating the transition of ethylene biosynthesis and receptor dynamics in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Ji Yeong Ham,
  • Yong-Tae Kim,
  • Jong Hwa Shin,
  • Keono Kim,
  • Jeehye Sung,
  • Chuleui Jung,
  • Hataitip Nimitkeatkai,
  • Bongsu Choi,
  • Byung-Chun In

摘要

Pollination influences not only fruit set but also postharvest behavior in tomatoes; however, its interaction with ethylene-regulated ripening is not fully understood. This study compared bee pollination (BP) and non-bee pollination (NBP) in ‘Dotaerang’ tomato to assess effects on fruit morphology, ripening progression, ethylene physiology, and the molecular response to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). BP fruits showed higher sphericity, fewer malformations, and greater seed number and weight than NBP fruits. NBP fruits entered the breaker and red stages earlier, exhibited earlier climacteric peaks of ethylene and respiration, accumulated more lycopene, and showed earlier induction of carotenoid biosynthesis genes. By integrating gene expression profiles with GENIE3 network inference, we propose a refined three-phase (P1–P3) model for ethylene biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate that the transition from basal (P1) to autocatalytic (P3) ethylene production is precisely modulated by the pollination status. Specifically, NBP accelerates the activation of the transition hub gene, LeACS7, likely due to the premature decline of seed-derived ripening repressors. Furthermore, pollination background significantly influenced ethylene receptor dynamics; NBP fruits treated with 1-MCP exhibited asynchronous ripening during extended storage, which was associated with an inability to effectively downregulate ethylene receptors (LeETR4 and LeETR6). Ultimately, these findings indicate that effective BP is a vital preharvest strategy to optimize ethylene-related gene networks, ensuring uniform ripening and maximizing postharvest quality.