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<p>Enoki mushrooms (<i>Flammulina filiformis</i>) are a major Korean horticultural export, yet recurrent <i>Listeria</i>-related international recalls have raised concerns about postharvest microbial safety and the adequacy of current packaging practices. Despite reported outbreaks, systematic data linking supplier-level contamination, headspace atmosphere dynamics, and non-destructive contamination indicators remain limited. This study integrated a comparative supplier survey of six commercial Korean suppliers (<i>n</i> = 4 per company) with a controlled transport simulation using styrofoam and corrugated cardboard packaging under cold (4&#xa0;°C), heat (28&#xa0;°C), and transitional (4&#xa0;°C → 28&#xa0;°C) conditions over 36&#xa0;h, coupling PALCAM- and PCA-based microbial enumeration with thermal desorption GC-MS volatilomic profiling and headspace gas analysis. In the comparative supplier survey, presumptive <i>Listeria</i> spp. counts ranged from below detection to 4.39 log₁₀ CFU/g; headspace O₂ correlated positively with presumptive <i>Listeria</i> loads (<i>r</i> = 0.73, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), although this association is observational and cannot be interpreted as causal. In the transport simulation, heat treatment in both packaging types produced the highest presumptive <i>Listeria</i> and total aerobic bacterial loads (up to 8.00 ± 0.64 log₁₀ CFU/g), whereas cardboard packaging under cold storage suppressed proliferation over 36&#xa0;h. Volatilomic profiling revealed two distinct VOC origins: 3-octanone increased markedly under heat across both packaging types and was undetectable in pure <i>Listeria</i> cultures, supporting a mushroom-derived heat-stress origin via lipid peroxidation pathways, whereas acetoin and branched-chain alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol) showed mixed mushroom and microbial origins. Limited 16&#xa0;S rRNA sequencing of selected isolates supported genus-level <i>Listeria</i> assignment but precludes species-level risk attribution. Together, these findings support a two-tier risk framework in which supplier hygiene determines baseline contamination at retail entry, while temperature control governs proliferation kinetics during distribution; VOC profiling, particularly 3-octanone as a tentative heat-stress marker pending controlled validation, offers a complementary non-destructive tool to inform cold-chain management and packaging strategy for high-value mushroom exports. Thus, VOC profiling should complement, not replace, species-level microbiological confirmation.</p>

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Integrated impact of packaging atmosphere and storage temperature on presumptive Listeria spp. contamination, physiological response, and voc-based indicators in enoki mushrooms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Eloise Parent,
  • Syarul Nataqain Baharum,
  • Young-Hwa Kang,
  • Kang-Mo Ku

摘要

Enoki mushrooms (Flammulina filiformis) are a major Korean horticultural export, yet recurrent Listeria-related international recalls have raised concerns about postharvest microbial safety and the adequacy of current packaging practices. Despite reported outbreaks, systematic data linking supplier-level contamination, headspace atmosphere dynamics, and non-destructive contamination indicators remain limited. This study integrated a comparative supplier survey of six commercial Korean suppliers (n = 4 per company) with a controlled transport simulation using styrofoam and corrugated cardboard packaging under cold (4 °C), heat (28 °C), and transitional (4 °C → 28 °C) conditions over 36 h, coupling PALCAM- and PCA-based microbial enumeration with thermal desorption GC-MS volatilomic profiling and headspace gas analysis. In the comparative supplier survey, presumptive Listeria spp. counts ranged from below detection to 4.39 log₁₀ CFU/g; headspace O₂ correlated positively with presumptive Listeria loads (r = 0.73, p < 0.001), although this association is observational and cannot be interpreted as causal. In the transport simulation, heat treatment in both packaging types produced the highest presumptive Listeria and total aerobic bacterial loads (up to 8.00 ± 0.64 log₁₀ CFU/g), whereas cardboard packaging under cold storage suppressed proliferation over 36 h. Volatilomic profiling revealed two distinct VOC origins: 3-octanone increased markedly under heat across both packaging types and was undetectable in pure Listeria cultures, supporting a mushroom-derived heat-stress origin via lipid peroxidation pathways, whereas acetoin and branched-chain alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol) showed mixed mushroom and microbial origins. Limited 16 S rRNA sequencing of selected isolates supported genus-level Listeria assignment but precludes species-level risk attribution. Together, these findings support a two-tier risk framework in which supplier hygiene determines baseline contamination at retail entry, while temperature control governs proliferation kinetics during distribution; VOC profiling, particularly 3-octanone as a tentative heat-stress marker pending controlled validation, offers a complementary non-destructive tool to inform cold-chain management and packaging strategy for high-value mushroom exports. Thus, VOC profiling should complement, not replace, species-level microbiological confirmation.