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<p>This study investigated the combined effects of LED light qualities and hydroponic cultivation systems on the growth, photosynthetic parameters, mineral content, and accumulation of bioactive compounds in red radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> L. cv. Cherry One) under controlled plant factory conditions. The plants were cultivated using three hydroponic systems during 20 days, namely, the deep flow technique (DFT), nutrient film technique (NFT), and aero-hydroponic system (AHP), and exposed to five LED light treatments: quantum dots (QD), blue+red (1:3) (BR), white (W), blue (B), and red (R). Among the systems, DFT consistently promoted superior plant growth and mineral uptake. In particular, DFT-QD, DFT-R, and DFT-BR (1:3)-LED treatments resulted in the highest biomass, while the BR (1:3)-LED treatment improved root morphology by producing the lowest root shape index. In contrast, the DFT-QD-LED treatment showed the highest root shape index, which reduced commercial quality. SPAD, NDVI, and Fv/Fm indices showed no significant differences among the three systems, but consistently exhibited the lowest values under R-LED across all systems. In addition, gas exchange parameters were consistently highest under B- and BR (1:3)-LEDs in all systems. Principal component analysis and correlation heatmap analysis revealed strong positive associations between growth and photosynthetic parameters, particularly for the QD-DFT and BR (1:3)-DFT combinations. Mineral analysis confirmed increased and stable accumulation in both shoots and roots under DFT, with the root potassium concentration notably lowest under B-LED across all the treatments. Furthermore, the analysis of bioactive compounds under the DFT system, which exhibited superior growth, revealed differences between shoot and root responses. In particular, the roots showed distinct enhancements in specific bioactive compounds depending on the light quality. As a result, the combination of DFT and BR (1:3)-LED optimized the growth balance between shoots and roots, including the root shape index and photosynthetic parameter content. Based on the functional analysis of plants cultivated under the DFT system, shoots generally showed higher values under B-LED, while antioxidant responses in the roots varied depending on the parameter. In conclusion, the combination of DFT and BR-LED was identified as the most suitable condition for balanced growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and mineral uptake, whereas B-LED may be selectively applied to enhance antioxidant compounds. This study provides important insights into integrated cultivation strategies for producing crops with enhanced functional properties in plant factory. </p>

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Comparison of the Growth and Internal Quality of Red Radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry One) Cultivated Under Different Hydroponic Systems and LED Light Qualities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Ah Young Shin,
  • Joo Hwan Lee,
  • Yong Beom Kwon,
  • Yu Jin Kang,
  • In-Lee Choi,
  • Yongduk Kim,
  • Jidong Kim,
  • Ho-Min Kang

摘要

This study investigated the combined effects of LED light qualities and hydroponic cultivation systems on the growth, photosynthetic parameters, mineral content, and accumulation of bioactive compounds in red radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry One) under controlled plant factory conditions. The plants were cultivated using three hydroponic systems during 20 days, namely, the deep flow technique (DFT), nutrient film technique (NFT), and aero-hydroponic system (AHP), and exposed to five LED light treatments: quantum dots (QD), blue+red (1:3) (BR), white (W), blue (B), and red (R). Among the systems, DFT consistently promoted superior plant growth and mineral uptake. In particular, DFT-QD, DFT-R, and DFT-BR (1:3)-LED treatments resulted in the highest biomass, while the BR (1:3)-LED treatment improved root morphology by producing the lowest root shape index. In contrast, the DFT-QD-LED treatment showed the highest root shape index, which reduced commercial quality. SPAD, NDVI, and Fv/Fm indices showed no significant differences among the three systems, but consistently exhibited the lowest values under R-LED across all systems. In addition, gas exchange parameters were consistently highest under B- and BR (1:3)-LEDs in all systems. Principal component analysis and correlation heatmap analysis revealed strong positive associations between growth and photosynthetic parameters, particularly for the QD-DFT and BR (1:3)-DFT combinations. Mineral analysis confirmed increased and stable accumulation in both shoots and roots under DFT, with the root potassium concentration notably lowest under B-LED across all the treatments. Furthermore, the analysis of bioactive compounds under the DFT system, which exhibited superior growth, revealed differences between shoot and root responses. In particular, the roots showed distinct enhancements in specific bioactive compounds depending on the light quality. As a result, the combination of DFT and BR (1:3)-LED optimized the growth balance between shoots and roots, including the root shape index and photosynthetic parameter content. Based on the functional analysis of plants cultivated under the DFT system, shoots generally showed higher values under B-LED, while antioxidant responses in the roots varied depending on the parameter. In conclusion, the combination of DFT and BR-LED was identified as the most suitable condition for balanced growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and mineral uptake, whereas B-LED may be selectively applied to enhance antioxidant compounds. This study provides important insights into integrated cultivation strategies for producing crops with enhanced functional properties in plant factory.