<p> Technological innovation is the primary driver of the clean energy transition, yet systematic evaluations of technological dependency and bottleneck risks across the full lithium battery supply chain remain limited. This study establishes a multi-dimensional framework to measure international technological dependency and threats across four industrial modules: raw materials, manufacturing, applications, and recycling. Furthermore, it utilizes the theory of technological dependency alongside PageRank and Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS) algorithms to identify key technologies and evaluate the innovation influence of global enterprises. The results reveal a highly asymmetric structure of global technological dependence. The United States (US) and China (CN) dominate the industry; however, the United States maintains a lead in thirteen high-value sectors—including battery modules and battery packs (PACK)—posing significant bottleneck risks to China’s midstream and downstream sectors. Conversely, China excels in eight areas, such as electrode manufacturing and cathode materials. Regarding technological threats, South Korea (KR) faces the highest risks, followed by Europe (EU), while Japan encounters moderate threats. Additionally, corporate innovation influence exhibits a power-law distribution, highlighting the central role of a few leading enterprises in shaping global technological trajectories. Finally, while the United States retains a leading position in storage battery and fuel cell technologies, the technological gap between China and the United States in the storage battery sector is narrowing significantly. These findings provide empirical evidence for understanding technological security risks and offer actionable insights for strengthening resilience in the high-tech energy industry.</p>

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Global lithium battery industry technology dependency network and key technology analysis

  • Han Sun,
  • Zhenghao Meng,
  • Xiaoning Hao,
  • Jianning Chen,
  • Bowen Zheng,
  • Ichiro Daigo

摘要

Technological innovation is the primary driver of the clean energy transition, yet systematic evaluations of technological dependency and bottleneck risks across the full lithium battery supply chain remain limited. This study establishes a multi-dimensional framework to measure international technological dependency and threats across four industrial modules: raw materials, manufacturing, applications, and recycling. Furthermore, it utilizes the theory of technological dependency alongside PageRank and Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS) algorithms to identify key technologies and evaluate the innovation influence of global enterprises. The results reveal a highly asymmetric structure of global technological dependence. The United States (US) and China (CN) dominate the industry; however, the United States maintains a lead in thirteen high-value sectors—including battery modules and battery packs (PACK)—posing significant bottleneck risks to China’s midstream and downstream sectors. Conversely, China excels in eight areas, such as electrode manufacturing and cathode materials. Regarding technological threats, South Korea (KR) faces the highest risks, followed by Europe (EU), while Japan encounters moderate threats. Additionally, corporate innovation influence exhibits a power-law distribution, highlighting the central role of a few leading enterprises in shaping global technological trajectories. Finally, while the United States retains a leading position in storage battery and fuel cell technologies, the technological gap between China and the United States in the storage battery sector is narrowing significantly. These findings provide empirical evidence for understanding technological security risks and offer actionable insights for strengthening resilience in the high-tech energy industry.