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<p>Global climate change poses a major threat to chickpea production by disrupting traditional temperature and photoperiod regimes, necessitating the need for photo-thermo-insensitivity (PTI) as a key adaptive trait. This study evaluated the feasibility of chickpea cultivation during unconventional <i>monsoon</i> and <i>summer</i> seasons and elucidated the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular bases of PTI. The identified PTI genotypes (IPC-06-11, ICE-15654-A, JG-14, and MNK-1) exhibited early and stable phenological development, sustained reproductive success, and higher yields across seasons compared to photo-thermo-sensitive (PTS) genotypes. Regression analysis revealed canopy temperature as the strongest single predictor of grain yield, explaining 84% of its seasonal variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 (56.3%) captured variation showing strong association with yield-related traits in PTI genotypes, whereas PC2 (14.1%) corresponded to delayed podding and maturity in PTS genotypes. Gene expression profiling further delineated two contrasting molecular strategies under heat stress: PTI genotype IPC-06-11 showed induction of <i>smHSP</i> (4-fold) and strong upregulation of <i>CRY 1</i> (154.9-fold) and <i>PHY A</i> (127.5-fold), while sensitive Phule-G-1424-4-2 showed high <i>smHSP</i> expression (67.5-fold) but minor downregulation of <i>CRY 1</i> (0.4-fold) and <i>PHY A</i> (0.3-fold). Overall, PTI genotypes demonstrated superior adaptation under high temperature and altered photoperiod stress conditions, emphasizing their potential in climate-resilient chickpea improvement. The findings highlight a novel mechanistic link between photoreceptor signaling and thermotolerance, offering valuable targets for breeding and molecular enhancement of chickpea adaptability in the face of climate change.</p> Graphical abstract <p>The impact of elevated summer temperatures (&gt; 35&#xa0;°C) and extended photoperiod on pod set was assessed in contrasting (PTI &amp; PTS) chickpea genotypes during the reproductive phase. The PTI genotype IPC-06-11 demonstrated superior adaptability, as evidenced by its cooler canopy temperature, higher pollen viability, greater in vitro pollen germination, and enhanced pod set and yield. Although both PTI and PTS genotypes initiated flowering under summer conditions, only the PTI genotype effectively converted flowers into pods. In contrast, the PTS genotype Phule G-1424-4-2 exhibited profuse vegetative growth but limited reproductive success, due to poor flower-to-pod conversion efficiency under high temperature and long-day stress. These attributes highlight PTI genotype’s potential as a valuable genetic resource for breeding climate-resilient chickpea cultivars.</p>

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Functional characterization of photo-thermo-insensitive traits in chickpea through integrated morpho-physiological and gene expression analyses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Apoorva Ashu,
  • S. Kruthika,
  • Anjali Anand,
  • Sushma Awaji,
  • J. V. Navodhaya,
  • A. K. Singh,
  • Prashanthkumar Hanjagi,
  • Rahul Gajghate,
  • R. S. Ramakrishnan,
  • S. Gurumurthy

摘要

Global climate change poses a major threat to chickpea production by disrupting traditional temperature and photoperiod regimes, necessitating the need for photo-thermo-insensitivity (PTI) as a key adaptive trait. This study evaluated the feasibility of chickpea cultivation during unconventional monsoon and summer seasons and elucidated the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular bases of PTI. The identified PTI genotypes (IPC-06-11, ICE-15654-A, JG-14, and MNK-1) exhibited early and stable phenological development, sustained reproductive success, and higher yields across seasons compared to photo-thermo-sensitive (PTS) genotypes. Regression analysis revealed canopy temperature as the strongest single predictor of grain yield, explaining 84% of its seasonal variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 (56.3%) captured variation showing strong association with yield-related traits in PTI genotypes, whereas PC2 (14.1%) corresponded to delayed podding and maturity in PTS genotypes. Gene expression profiling further delineated two contrasting molecular strategies under heat stress: PTI genotype IPC-06-11 showed induction of smHSP (4-fold) and strong upregulation of CRY 1 (154.9-fold) and PHY A (127.5-fold), while sensitive Phule-G-1424-4-2 showed high smHSP expression (67.5-fold) but minor downregulation of CRY 1 (0.4-fold) and PHY A (0.3-fold). Overall, PTI genotypes demonstrated superior adaptation under high temperature and altered photoperiod stress conditions, emphasizing their potential in climate-resilient chickpea improvement. The findings highlight a novel mechanistic link between photoreceptor signaling and thermotolerance, offering valuable targets for breeding and molecular enhancement of chickpea adaptability in the face of climate change.

Graphical abstract

The impact of elevated summer temperatures (> 35 °C) and extended photoperiod on pod set was assessed in contrasting (PTI & PTS) chickpea genotypes during the reproductive phase. The PTI genotype IPC-06-11 demonstrated superior adaptability, as evidenced by its cooler canopy temperature, higher pollen viability, greater in vitro pollen germination, and enhanced pod set and yield. Although both PTI and PTS genotypes initiated flowering under summer conditions, only the PTI genotype effectively converted flowers into pods. In contrast, the PTS genotype Phule G-1424-4-2 exhibited profuse vegetative growth but limited reproductive success, due to poor flower-to-pod conversion efficiency under high temperature and long-day stress. These attributes highlight PTI genotype’s potential as a valuable genetic resource for breeding climate-resilient chickpea cultivars.