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<p>The reproductive stage of rice is highly vulnerable to climate change, with drought and heat especially in combination severely impairing floral phenology and threatening yield stability. This study evaluated the impact of drought, heat and combined drought and heat stress on key floral, physiological, and reproductive traits in ten rice genotypes. Drought caused stronger delays in heading, anthesis and 50% flowering, whereas heat and D + H stress often accelerated flowering and maturity, although a few genotypes such as Sabour Deep and BRR0053 showed delayed maturity. Combined stress induced marked floral abnormalities, including reduced stamen number, incomplete panicle exertion, and increased spikelet drying. Reproductive structures were highly sensitive, with pollen viability declining sharply most notably in Sahbhagi Dhan (25.22%, 40.72%, 49.55% reductions under D, H, D + H) and pollen germination reduction significantly across genotypes. Stigma morphology deteriorated progressively, showing severe blackening and minimal receptivity under D + H. Biochemical traits also responded strongly to stress, drought increased floral carbohydrates and soluble sugars, while heat and D + H sharply reduced them; reducing sugars followed the pattern C &gt; D&gt; H &gt; D + H. Total free amino acids increased consistently, peaking under D + H stress. Yield-related traits were severely impacted, with reduced spikelet number, increased sterility, and lower 1000 grain weight, particularly under combined stress. Overall, D + H stress had the strongest impact on rice floral physiology and imposed the heaviest penalties on yield. These findings highlight the floral developmental stage and reproductive structures as critical targets for improving stress tolerance and safeguarding rice yields under future climate scenarios.</p>

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Floral vulnerability explains severe yield penalties in rice under combined drought and heat stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Sareeta Nahakpam,
  • Surbhi Suman,
  • Shubham,
  • Awadhesh Kumar Pal,
  • Ravi Kesari,
  • Fozia Homa,
  • Shirin Akhtar

摘要

The reproductive stage of rice is highly vulnerable to climate change, with drought and heat especially in combination severely impairing floral phenology and threatening yield stability. This study evaluated the impact of drought, heat and combined drought and heat stress on key floral, physiological, and reproductive traits in ten rice genotypes. Drought caused stronger delays in heading, anthesis and 50% flowering, whereas heat and D + H stress often accelerated flowering and maturity, although a few genotypes such as Sabour Deep and BRR0053 showed delayed maturity. Combined stress induced marked floral abnormalities, including reduced stamen number, incomplete panicle exertion, and increased spikelet drying. Reproductive structures were highly sensitive, with pollen viability declining sharply most notably in Sahbhagi Dhan (25.22%, 40.72%, 49.55% reductions under D, H, D + H) and pollen germination reduction significantly across genotypes. Stigma morphology deteriorated progressively, showing severe blackening and minimal receptivity under D + H. Biochemical traits also responded strongly to stress, drought increased floral carbohydrates and soluble sugars, while heat and D + H sharply reduced them; reducing sugars followed the pattern C > D> H > D + H. Total free amino acids increased consistently, peaking under D + H stress. Yield-related traits were severely impacted, with reduced spikelet number, increased sterility, and lower 1000 grain weight, particularly under combined stress. Overall, D + H stress had the strongest impact on rice floral physiology and imposed the heaviest penalties on yield. These findings highlight the floral developmental stage and reproductive structures as critical targets for improving stress tolerance and safeguarding rice yields under future climate scenarios.